基于地表裸露度和地表反照率影响的喀斯特地区热环境变化分析

在自然和人为因素的影响下,喀斯特地区地表覆盖受到破坏,导致大面积地表裸露,同时影响着地表反照率的变化,进而引起周围地表温度发生改变。以典型喀斯特区域安顺市为例,基于大气校正法反演2006—2017年地表温度,并结合同时期的地表裸露度和地表反照率变化情况分析喀斯特地区热环境变化特征。结果表明:地表裸露度、地表反照率与地表温度在空间上整体变化趋势相一致,是影响地表温度的因素之一;在时间上呈持续下降趋势,地表裸露度总体下降了53%,地表反照率和地表温度分别下降了37.1%和2.4%,表明热环境得到有效改善;地表裸露度,地表反照率与地表温度均呈线性正相关,地表温度随着地表裸露度和地表反照率的增加而上升,反之,地表温度则会降低。     

不同地面类型热物理性质差异分析

热物理性质的差异是不同地面类型能量交换差异的物质基础。通过对青藏高原北麓河地区工程地面(沥青路面、砂砾路面)和自然地面(天然地表、高寒草原、高寒草甸)气象参数的观测与计算,分析地表温度、反照率、粗糙度和总体输送系数之间的差异。研究结果表明:夏秋季节沥青路面昼夜温度均高于其他地面类型,春冬季节沥青路面夜间温度高于其他地面类型;砂砾路面、高寒草原、高寒草甸白天表面温度差异约为2℃~5℃,夜间差异为1℃~3℃;天然地表的反照率大于沥青路面,反照率受太阳高度角和降水影响,随太阳高度角增加呈指数递减,在降雨时地面反照率有增有减,降雪增加地面反照率,降水后介质湿度增加,反照率减小;5种地面类型的粗糙度从大到小依次为砂砾路面、天然地表、沥青路面、高寒草甸、高寒草原;粗糙度的大小间接反映地面的能量输送能力,冬季天然地表输送系数大于其他地面类型,在其他季节,天然地表和沥青路面的动量输送系数较大,其次为高寒草原、高寒草甸、砂砾路面。     

干旱、半干旱地区积雪变化及其与气候变化的关系——以新疆维吾尔自治区为例

基于新疆维吾尔自治区喀什站和乌鲁木齐站1993-2012年积雪、辐射、气温和降水量数据,分析了干旱、半干旱地区不同时间尺度下积雪与地表反照率、地表净辐射、气温和降水量变化以及它们之间的关系.结果表明:年际变化中,干旱地区积雪首日提前,积雪终日延后,积雪天数、积雪深度和积雪指数增加,促进了地表反照率和降水量的显著增大,使地表净辐射和气温降低;半干旱地区积雪首日延后,积雪终日提前,积雪天数减少,积雪深度和积雪指数的增加使地表反照率显著增大,其中积雪天数的变化明显抑制了气温升高,相关系数为-0.49.季节变化中,干旱地区冬季积雪增加,尤其是积雪深度的增加引起了降水量、地表反照率的增大与地表净辐射、温度的降低;半干旱地区春季积雪增多,地表反照率增大,降水量减少,由于积雪的提前消融,导致地表净辐射增大,使得春季增温最快,而秋季积雪减少,其他气候因子呈增加趋势,冬季积雪增加引起了降水量和地表反照率的增大与地表净辐射的减少,导致温度降低,其中积雪深度的变化与地表反照率、地表净辐射和降水量显著相关,相关系数分别为0.51、-0.58、0.68.月尺度上,干旱、半干旱地区积雪和地表反照率都在1-4月降低,10-12月升高,而地表净辐射、气温和降水量均在1-6月增加,7-12月减少,其他月份均无明显变化.     

他念他翁山中段冰川反照率与固液态降水临界气温研究

基于冰川物质平衡模型研究他念他翁山中段地区冰川对气候变化的响应,对于恢复该地区特定时段的古气候有重要意义.而在冰川物质平衡模拟中,冰川表面反照率与固液态降水临界气温是模型运行的两个重要参数.依据2013年夏季消融期成像的TM/ETM+影像分析觉曲槽谷现代冰川反照率的时空变化特征,尝试构建气温与冰川反照率变化关系.并利用昌都气象监测站记录的气温及降水数据确定研究区固液态降水临界气温值.结果表明:(1)在6—8月,冰川反照率随时间变化明显,特别是在低海拔分布区冰川,反照率平均减少值达到了0.33;(2)构建适用研究区的温度与冰川反照率统计关系,拟合线性方程系数斜率a_1为-0.029,常数项a_0为0.624;(3)昌都地区固液态降水分离的单临界气温值为4.07℃.     

几种典型地表类型反照率时序变化特征及其参数化研究

地表反照率对地表能量平衡、气候模式和全球变化研究具有重要的作用.受季节和下垫面影响,地表反照率呈现一定的时序变化特征,刻画这种变化特征可以为地表反照率估算提供背景信息,有利于提高反照率反演精度.目前已有许多研究致力于分析地表反照率时序变化特征和影响因素,但分析仅限于某一特定区域的一种或几种地表类型,同时对反照率与叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)、归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)等影响因子的相关性还缺少参数化研究.本文使用美国通量观测网络AmeriFlux观测数据资料,利用该网络站点分布范围广、地表类型丰富的特点,选取其中代表性较强的站点观测数据,分析了落叶阔叶林、常绿针叶林、草地、农田4种典型植被类型地表反照率的时序变化特征.发现各植被地表类型反照率呈现"U"形年内变化特征,在植被生长季,落叶阔叶林、农田、草地3种地表类型反照率均先减小再增大后减小,而常绿针叶林地表反照率变化不明显.利用统计方法分别建立了地表反照率与LAI和NDVI的参数化模型,结果显示:2种估算地表反照率的参数化模型均能较好反映植被生长过程中地表反照率的变化特征,与地面实测数据相比,计算得到的地表反照率具有较高的精度;2种参数化模型估算得到的反照率一致性好,相关系数为0.721 9.该参数化方案可为地表反照率的进一步估算提供背景参考模型.     

东北半干旱地区辐射收支与地表能量分析——以锦州地区为例

本研究利用2015年锦州通量观测站实测资料,对东北半干旱地区的地表辐射收支、能量平衡、地表反照率和能量闭合度等方面进行分析,得出以下结论:锦州地区向下短波辐射、地面向上短波辐射和地面向上长波辐射有明显的日变化特征,而大气向下长波辐射没有.该地区8月午后易产生对流云,致使向下短波辐射日变化在午后有明显波动.净辐射平均积分值8月为12.7 MJ/m~2, 12月为-0.9 MJ/m~2,冬季全天均由土壤向地表传递能量,所以夏季盈余的能量可能储存到深层土壤,在冬季释放.感热和潜热随净辐射有相同的增减趋势,日变化并不平滑,有多个峰值.平均地表反照率12月(0.21)明显高于8月(0.18).受不同天气条件影响,在不同季节,各辐射分量的日变化特征不同.降水通过改变土壤湿度会对感热、潜热和地表反照率产生影响.采用过原点和有截距两种不同的拟合方法来评估锦州冬夏的能量闭合度,对比结果发现,冬季能量闭合度均远低于夏季.     

东北地区植被NDVI变化及对气象因子的响应

根据1998-2008年东北地区SPOT-VGT NDVI数据和气象数据,分析了11年来东北地区植被年均NDVI变化及其与气象因子的相关性,并对不同植被生长季NDVI变化及其与气象因子的相关性和滞后性进行了研究.结果表明:近11年来东北地区植被总体状况较好,绝大部分地区植被未发生明显变化;植被年均NDVI受温度、降水影响较为显著,且温度影响程度高于降水,降水影响程度北部地区高于南部;东北地区不同植被生长季NDVI值不同,植被生长状况变化不同,但变化幅度较小;植被生长季NDVI受同期温度和降水影响显著,在旬的尺度上表现更为明显,其中温度对植被影响更大;东北地区植被NDVI对温度的响应存在10～20 d的滞后期,对降水的响应存在约20 d的滞后期.     

利用NOAA/AVHRR数据估算福建省月平均地表反照率

在对行星反照率与地表反照率关系理论分析的基础上,利用地表太阳总辐射观测数据,建立了利用NOAA/AVHRR数据估算地表反照率的模型.对每一幅卫星影像,分别确定了模型中系数a、b的值,并据此计算了卫星成像瞬间的地表反照率.计算结果表明,利用建立的地表反照率计算模型估算的月平均地表反照率比较准确地反映了福建省的地表状况.     

中高分辨率地表反照率反演算法

为了在中高分辨率地表反照率遥感反演算法中体现地表反射各向异性特征,以两景Landsat-8地表反射率数据为例,利用在时空对应的MODISBRDF产品中提取的地表反射各向异性先验知识,反演得到30 m空间分辨率的地表反照率产品,并将结果与朗伯假设地表反照率和地面站点实测反照率数据进行比较.结果表明:(1)基于朗伯假设所得地表反照率与地表实测反照率存在明显差异,这种差异会随太阳天顶角的变化而变化,最大相对差异约为4%;(2)基于MODIS BRDF产品提取的地表反射各向异性先验知识可以较好地改善地表反照率的反演精度,与地面实测数据具有更好的一致性.     

青藏高原东部高寒草原地表能量交换特征(英文)

青藏高原是世界上面积最大、海拔最高的高原,其独特的地形地貌特征对东亚乃至全球大气环流有重要影响.由于地表特征不同,高原不同区域地表热力特征也有显著差异.高原的东部边缘地表、植被和气象特征与高原其他区域明显不同,因此这一区域地表热力作用也与高原其他区域不同.本文研究了青藏高原东部玛曲草原地表能量交换的季节变化特征.玛曲草原冬季净辐射占入射太阳辐射的比例小于雨季,其差异主要由2个季节的地表反照率和湿度状况的差异引起.全年来看,净辐射大部分用水汽蒸发所需的热量.冬季由于土壤冻结加之降水稀少,净辐射主要用于加热地表和大气.雨季由于相对较高的气温、充足的降水及植被茂盛的生长力,净辐射主要用于水汽蒸发.在这一区域,降水的季节分布以及土壤的冻融状况对地表能量分配有重要影响.     

A distributed surface energy and mass balance model and its application to a mountain glacier in China

Based on the field observations on Qiyi Glacier during the warm season of 2007, using a digital elevation model (DEM, 15 m resolution), we developed a distributed surface energy- and mass-balance model with an hourly resolution. The model described the effect of topography on shortwave solar radiation, and used a new parameterization for glacier albedo. The model was applied to Qiyi Glacier in the Qilian Mountain, China, for the period 20 : 00 30 June to 12 : 00 10 October 2007, to simulate the firn-line changes, the temporal and spatial variations of mass balance, and the glacial meltwater runoff. The results indicated that the patterns of altitudinal profile of glacier mass-balance were affected mainly by the altitudinal profile of albedo, and the status of the glacier mass balance was influenced directly by the values of albedo. The parameter sensitivity test showed that the model was sensitive to the air temperature lapse rate and precipitation gradient, and also sensitive to the threshold temperature for solid/liquid precipitation. Furthermore, the climate sensitivity test showed that the mass balance was more sensitive to air temperature than precipitation, and the response of mass balance to air temperature change was nonlinear while the response to precipitation change linearly. The negative mass balance trend of the glacier can not be reversed when precipitation increases by 20% and meanwhile air temperature rises by 1°C.     

IR4通道反照率计算及其在降水过程分析中的应用

在推导IR4通道反照率反演公式的基础上, 将IR4通道亮温及其反照率计算结果用于北京地区夏季降水过程的个例分析。结果表明: IR4通道反照率在降水形成前会出现明显的先升后降的现象, 对降水的反馈早于红外长波(IR1)和水汽(WV)通道; 在强降水后的弱回波阶段, IR1和WV通道亮温会继续下降, 极值位置延迟于雷达最强回波位置, 而IR4通道亮温和反照率这一阶段的变化趋势与以上2个通道相反。     

南极瑞穗站辐射特征的初步研究

本文利用1979－1980年在南极瑞穗太阳分光辐射分量和长波辐射通量及微气象观测资料，计算并分析了辐射分量，地表反射率，地表和大气的有效比辐射率，大气的有效透过率和雪面反射率与太阳高度角的关系及他们的日，年变化，并对输出输入长波辐射的实测与计算值进行了比较，初步结果表明：在南极瑞穗站净辐射年平均值为－14．6W／m^2，在波长305－2800nm,305-695nm,和695-2800nm范围内地表反射率分别为0．79，0．95，和0．64，地表和大气有效比辐射率的年平均值分别为0．99和0．77，大气的有效透过率在不同的波长范围内有不同值，代表春，夏，秋季的10月19日，12月28日和3月3日，在305－2800nm波长范围内，晴天大气透过率分别为0．828，0．871和9．835。     

Short-term climatic impacts of afforestation in the East Asian monsoon region

The influence of changes in vegetation cover on short-term climate over the East Asian monsoon region is simulated using the Community Climate System Model Version 3.5.The results show the annual mean surface air temperature significantly decreases by 0.93°C in response to afforestation over the East Asian monsoon region.Also,surface air temperature decreases by 1.46 and 0.40°C in summer and winter,respectively.The cooling is caused by enhanced evapotranspiration(ET) produced by increased forest cover.Evapotranspiration is greater in summer than in winter,so summer cooling is greater than winter cooling.The annual mean precipitation increases in response to afforestation,with a maximum of 7% in April.Water vapor increases significantly because of greater latent heat flux release.Meanwhile,afforestation leads to higher surface roughness,which decreases surface wind speed and induces an ascending air motion.These factors can produce more clouds and precipitation.Moreover,the surface albedo and the reflective solar radiation are reduced in response to afforestation.     

Response of Zhadang Glacier runoff in Nam Co Basin,Tibet, to changes in air temperature and precipitation form

This paper describes 2007/2008 inter-annual changes in runoff from the Zhadang Glacier located on the northern slope of Nyainqêntanglha Range, Tibet, and analyzes their causes. Precipitation increased by 17.9% in summer months of 2008 compared with the same period in 2007, drainage basin runoff decreased by 33.3%, and glacial meltwater decreased by 53.8%. Change in positive accumulated air temperature explained approximately half of the inter-annual difference in glacial meltwater using a de-gree-day model. This suggests that the glacier is extremely sensitive to changes in air temperature. Energy balance analysis showed that change in glacier surface albedo, considered to be caused by difference in precipitation form, resulted in the large inter-annual difference in glacial meltwater. It was shown statistically that precipitation form in the summer months of 2007 was mainly rainfall which comprised 71.5% of total precipitation, while during the same period in 2008 rainfall accounted for 30.7%, with the majority of precipitation falling as snow. Precipitation form should be considered an independent factor when analyzing glacier sensitivity to climate change or forecasting the runoff from certain glaciers.     

山西省土壤湿度时空分布及气候因素的耦合

了解山西省土壤湿度状况变化规律,可以为农业旱情监测提供科学依据。本论文利用2017年3月到2018年2月山西省土壤湿度数据、降水量数据和气温数据,利用线性趋势和相关分析等方法分析研究区土壤湿度的时空变化以及土壤湿度对气候变化的响应。结果表明山西省的平均土壤湿度分布特征为南高北少,东高西少,呈现出东南向西北递减的趋势。在季际-月际时间尺度分布下,土壤湿度在秋季达到高峰,且各区域表层土壤湿度与空气温度有着显著的负相关关系,而与降水量有着显著的正相关关系。     

Algorithm for retrieving surface pressure from hyper-spectral measurements in oxygen A-band

An algorithm for retrieving the surface pressure from oxygen A-band measurements in the future Chinese CO2 satellite （CarbonSpec/TanSat） was developed. The full physical radiative transfer model, vector radiative transfer model based on successive order of scattering, which is based on the successive order of scattering approach, was used to simulate the measurements of CarbonSpec/TanSat, as well as the kernel matrix in the inversion algorithm, and then the surface pressure and other related atmospheric parameters such as aerosol optical depth （AOD）, surface albedo, and temperature were derived through optimal estimation theory. Sensitivities of the algorithm to surface albedo, solar zenith angle （SZA）, viewing zenith angle （VZA）, aerosol type, and AOD were investigated, and the results showed that the absolute error of retrieved surface pressure increases with decreasing surface albedo or increasing SZA and VZA. An accuracy of 〈4 hPa over bright surfaces （surface albedo 〉0.15） could be derived for various SZAs and viewing geometries. Moreover, the algorithm can simultaneously retrieve the surface albedo, AOD, and its vertical distribution indicated by scale height.     

百余年上海冬夏季降水与太平洋海温的相关关系及其年代际差异

利用上海1873—2001年的冬季和夏季降水量与太平洋海温资料，通过计算上海冬季和夏季降水量与太平洋海温的同期和超前相关以及滑动相关系数，讨论上海冬季和夏季降水年代际变化趋势及其与太平洋海温场的相关关系在不同年代和不同空间区域上的显差异．分析发现，上海冬季和夏季的降水均存在明显的年代际阶段性变化，但总体雨量增加的趋势不明显，降水量和太平洋海温的相关关系在不同年代和不同空间区域上存在着显的差异，这种年代际相关关系的差异可能是造成用统计方法做短期气候预测时产生不确定性的主要原因之一．因此作为短期气候预测的常用预报因子之一的太平洋海温场在进行统计预报的应用过程中，适当地考虑在不同时间尺度上的相关差异，将有利于提高预测的准确性和减少统计预测方法中的不确定性．     

Observed increase in local cooling effect of deforestation at higher latitudes

Deforestation in mid- to high latitudes is hypothesized to have the potential to cool the Earth's surface by altering biophysical processes. In climate models of continental-scale land clearing, the cooling is triggered by increases in surface albedo and is reinforced by a land albedo-sea ice feedback. This feedback is crucial in the model predictions; without it other biophysical processes may overwhelm the albedo effect to generate warming instead. Ongoing land-use activities, such as land management for climate mitigation, are occurring at local scales (hectares) presumably too small to generate the feedback, and it is not known whether the intrinsic biophysical mechanism on its own can change the surface temperature in a consistent manner. Nor has the effect of deforestation on climate been demonstrated over large areas from direct observations. Here we show that surface air temperature is lower in open land than in nearby forested land. The effect is 0.85 ± 0.44 K (mean ± one standard deviation) northwards of 45° N and 0.21 ± 0.53 K southwards. Below 35° N there is weak evidence that deforestation leads to warming. Results are based on comparisons of temperature at forested eddy covariance towers in the USA and Canada and, as a proxy for small areas of cleared land, nearby surface weather stations. Night-time temperature changes unrelated to changes in surface albedo are an important contributor to the overall cooling effect. The observed latitudinal dependence is consistent with theoretical expectation of changes in energy loss from convection and radiation across latitudes in both the daytime and night-time phase of the diurnal cycle, the latter of which remains uncertain in climate models.