Genesis of continental seismogenic zone and a new fault zone model

Experiments were conducted repeatedly on Mannari granite under different temperature and confining pressure conditions. Systematic micro- and submicro-structural and mechanical analyses of granite samples deformed under 1.5 GPa (confining pressure), at 25℃—650℃temperatures and at 2× 10^-6 s^-1 strain rate show the brittle-ductile deformation microstructures and microstructural associations similar to those observed in naturally deformed crustal rocks and minerals. Brittle fracturing and crystalline plasticity co-exist and react with each other in the brittle-ductile transition domain of the continental lithosphere. The interaction between the different mechanisms in the transitional domain results in the variation of anomalous strength values, which may best explain the genesis of the continental seismogenic zone. A new fault zone model is proposed on the basis of detailed micromechanical and microstructural analyses.     

高压下铌的强度和状态方程研究

室温下,以氦为传压介质的准静水压环境中加压到41GPa,在两柱全景金刚石对顶砧中加压到70GPa,研究了铌在高压下的强度和状态方程.准静水压下,X射线衍射数据拟合得到的体弹模量和其一阶导数分别为166(2)GPa和3.2(2).铌的差应力与剪切模量的比值(t/G)在超过6GPa后几乎为常数,表明由于塑性形变而发生屈服.结合高压下的剪切模量,发现铌在6GPa时由于塑性形变而发生宏观屈服时受到的差应力约为1.26GPa.差应力从2到6GPa可以表示为t=-0.557(94)+0.306(21)p,其中p是压力,单位是GPa.差应力在30GPa后再次增大,表明铌开始出现强化现象,此时对应的差应力约为1.67GPa.在70GPa时,铌受到的差应力最大,且约为3.96GPa.     

Discussion on measurement and calculation principle of petrogenetic depth

Geologic and geophysical data certificate that lithosphere and its down rock behave as solid, therefore, it is better to measure petrogenetic and metallogenetic depth according to internal stress of solid states. Lithomechanic experiment found that the bigger the confining pressure, the bigger the tensile and shear strength of rocks,so rock can bear very high differential stress but it is not broken. Sibson put forward that the property of rocks under 10–15km of the surface changes from brittle to ductile (rather than from elastic to plastic). Rock with ductile deformation is still solid with elasticity, and it is not in the hydrostatic pressure state. Now ingored differential stress has already been measured at deeper place, it cannot be used to measure depth with the static fluid model but with the elastic model for lack of rheological experiment data. The more correct depth could be calculated by the elastic model rather than the static fluid model. It is an advance to describe rock property with the viscoelastic or elastic-viscosity model, but it is not the progress to come back to the static fluid model from the elastic model. Generally speaking, isotropic equante normal stress in the tectonic stress field, namely tectono-original additional hydrostatic pressure is one order of magnitute more than differential stress in the tectonic stress field, which, superimposed on additional hydrostatic stress of gravity, will bring about ultrahigh pressure metamorphism (UHPM), no matter how big the differential stress is.     

Coesite eclogite facies metamorphic tectonite: Evidence for ultrahigh pressure deformation

An ultrahigh pressure ductile shear mélange crops out on the beach of Yangkou Bay near Qingdao City. The mélange is composed of weakly deformed blocks in a highly ductilly flow mylonites. Ultrahigh pressure metamorphic (UHPM) tectonite includes strongly deformed eclogite and mylonitized eclogite. Coesite occurs in the tectonite as both interstitial mineral and inclusions in garnet and omphacite, indicating that the deformation took place in the stability field of coesite (800—850℃, >30 GPa) in the upper mantle. Coesite is rounded or short prismatic grains with undulatory extinction, and often fractured, suggesting brittle deformation. Garnet is also characterized by brittle fractures and sometimes necked and slightly elongated. Omphacite is elongated, with long axis preferred orientation. Undulatory extinction, subgrains and dynamically recrystallized grains suggest plastic flow of omphacite. Ultrahigh pressure metamorphic tectonite was probably formed in the ductile shear zone during the early stage of exhumation of the ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rocks. Its kinematic indicators point to the transport direction of the UHPM slab during the early stage of exhumation.     

纳米SiO2在高压高温下的结构转化

以纳米SiO₂粉体为原料, 在高压高温下研究其晶化过程. XRD和Raman谱表明, 纳米SiO₂在常压1 000~1 600 ℃条件下, 晶化成α-方石英和少量的鳞石英; 在2.0~3.5 GPa, 320~1 100 ℃条件下, 晶化成α-石英; 在3.9 GPa, 320~1 100 ℃条件下, 晶化成柯石英.      

Crystallographic preferred orientation of akimotoite and seismic anisotropy of Tonga slab

The mineral akimotoite, ilmenite-structured MgSiO(3), exists at the bottom of the Earth's mantle transition zone and within the uppermost lower mantle, especially under low-temperature conditions. Akimotoite is thought to be a major constituent of the harzburgite layer of subducting slabs, and the most anisotropic mineral in the mantle transition zone. It has been predicted that if akimotoite crystals are preferentially oriented by plastic deformation, a cold subducted slab would be extremely anisotropic. However, there have been no studies of crystallographic preferred orientations and very few reports of plastic deformation experiments for MgSiO(3) ilmenite. Here we present plastic deformation experiments on polycrystalline akimotoite, which were conducted at confining pressures of 20-22 GPa and temperatures of 1,000-1,300 degrees C. We found a change in crystallographic preferred orientation pattern of akimotoite with temperature, where the c-axis maximum parallel to the compression direction develops at high temperature, whereas the c axes are preferentially oriented parallel to the shear direction or perpendicular to the compression direction at lower temperature. The previously reported difference in compressional-wave seismic anisotropy between the northern and southern segments of the Tonga slab at depths of the mantle transition zone can conceivably be attributed to the difference in the crystallographic preferred orientation pattern of akimotoite at varying temperature within the slab.     

Coesite in eclogite from the North Qaidam Mountains and its implications

Coesite provides direct evidence for ultrahigh pressure metamorphism. Although coesite has been found as inclusions in zircon in paragneiss of the north Qaidam Mountains, it has never been identified in eclogite. In this contribution, based on petrographic observations and in situ Raman microprobe spectroscopy, coesite was identified as inclusions in garnet of eclogite from the Aercituoshan, Dulan UHP metamorphic unit, north Qaidam Mountains. Coesite is partly replaced by quartz, showing a pali-sade texture. This is the first report on coesite in eclogite from the north Qaidam Mountains, and is also supported by garnet-omphacite-phengite geothermobarometry (2.7―3.25 GPa, 670―730℃). Coesite and its pseudomorphs have not been found in eclogites and associated rocks of other units of the north Qaidam Mountains. Further studies are required to confirm if all metamorphic units in the north Qaidam Mountains underwent the ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism.     

蜂窝状软粘土蠕变微观分析

为预测软粘土的蠕变变形特征,建立蜂窝状软粘土微结构蠕变失稳力学模型.借助材料力学中对蜂窝结构的研究成果,从微观结构稳定性的角度研究影响软土变形和蠕变的主要几何-力学因素,分析软粘土微结构的变形失稳.研究表明:微结构的变形失稳与其受力状态、几何形状与尺寸等因素密切相关;当竖向应力一定时,随着围压的增大,蠕变屈曲破坏时间变长;当微结构受到扰动时,其蠕变失稳状态也会发生变化,围压的增加会使得微结构的蠕变失稳受到抑制.     

Ultrahigh-pressure (4.5–5.5 GPa) experimental research on pyroxene-garnet transition and its significance

Conclusions The transition from natural Al-enstatite to garnet and Al-poor pyroxene has taken place under the condition of about 1000°C and 4.5–5.5 GPa, and new phases of garnet and corundum have formed when 15% Al₂O₃ was added to the initial natural Al-enstatite. This experimental result has explained the ultrahigh pressure (3.5–5.0 GPa) and relatively low temperature (< 1000°C) genesis of the ultramafic rock of high-pressure metamorphic zone in Dabieshan-northern Jiangsu-Jiaodong and of red corundum garnetite coexisting with garnet peridotite. From the genetic mineralogy, petrology andP-T equilibrium conditions of garnet peridotite of the high-pressure metamorphic zone, kimberlite and Cenozoic basalt and the ultrahigh pressure experimental result, it is inferred that the upper mantle garnet peridotite is transformed with the increase of depth from Al-rich pyroxene garnet peridotite (80–120 km) to Al-poor pyroxene garnet peridotite (greater than 120–150 km).     

级配碎石塑性变形特性及其安定

应用颗粒流理论构建了级配碎石动三轴数值试验方法.通过动三轴室内试验验证了数值方法的可靠性,模拟了级配碎石在动荷载作用下的塑性变形规律.通过塑性变形累积方程探讨了级配碎石破坏临界应力与破坏临界应变.结果表明,级配碎石塑性变形数值试验结果与实际安定行为规律吻合;级配碎石的合理破坏临界应变为2.5%,在此临界应变标准下,级配碎石临界应力与围压呈现比例相关关系,比例系数为4.95;提高围压可以显著强化级配碎石的抗塑性变形性能.     

Could tectonic overpressure cause ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism?

Could ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks be caused, at depth of 32 km, by tectonic overpressure resulting from differential stress? The differential stress is limited by rock strength, which depends on strain rate and temperature. Therefore, tectonic overpressure could not go beyond 1 GPa, and could not cause the uitrahigh-pressure metamorphism. The stress-strain in plastic deformation, or in plastic stage of elasto-plastic deformation, has no linear relation, and should not be described by using linear equation of elastic deformation.     

低渗透储层原位条件下应力敏感性评价

为探讨围压和孔隙压力对岩石渗透率的影响及岩石渗透率敏感性评价的新方法, 选取松辽盆地3块低渗透储层岩样, 采用岩石伺服三轴实验系统, 分别做常规条件和原位条件下的应力敏感性评价, 得到三方面结果。1) 3块样品的渗透率随围压增大而降低, 随着孔隙压力的增大而增大。2) 原位条件下, 物性越差的样品储层应力敏感性越强。借助扫描电子显微镜和恒速压汞实验, 解释了低渗透储层敏感性差异存在的机理。储层岩石喉道的大小和形态、黏土含量和类型、矿物胶结程度是决定渗透率敏感性差异的原因。3) 塑性矿物含量和类型是决定渗透率敏感性差异的主要因素, 即云母、黏土等塑性矿物含量越高, 致密岩石储层渗透率应力敏感性越强。在实际工作中, 评价岩石渗透率敏感性时一般只考虑围压单因素的影响, 会对评价结果带来较大的人为误差, 而岩样地层所处的孔隙压力等条件对渗透率影响不容忽视。为准确地认识低渗透储层的应力敏感特征, 制定更合理的生产压差, 建议进行岩样渗透率敏感性评价时, 恢复地下原位条件。     

Macro-and microscopic mechanical behaviour of flow of coal samples experimentally deformed at high temperatures and pressures

Coal samples from Qinshui Basin, Shanxi, China are experimentally deformed at temperatures and confining pressures of 200 - 500℃and 200 - 500 Mpa, strain rate of 0.5×10-5/s and total strain of 10%. The vitrinite reflectance of the coal samples varies from 3.04 to 1.79. It is shown that the strengths of the deformed samples change obviously with coeval increasing temperatures and pressures (T/P). At the experimental range of T/P, the effects of increasing temperature predominate over that of increasing pressure. Microstructural analysis indicates a brittle to ductile transition under experimental T/P conditions from 200 to 300℃, and 200 to 300Mpa. Brittle deformation microstruc-tures include macroscopic fracture zones and penetrative fracture associations. Elongation, undulose or irregular extinction, deformation lamellae and dynamic recrystallization of grains are the main ductile deformation microstructures. The variation of deformation mechanisms of the experimentally deformed coal samples is related to both the components of coals and T/P conditions. At low T/P, fractures occur in both inertinite and vitrinite of the samples. At higher T/P, crystalline plastic deformations are observed in the inertinite only.     

围压条件下原状花岗岩残积土细观渗流数值模拟

选取福州某地原状花岗岩残积土作为研究对象,基于计算机断层扫描(CT)图像与COMSOL Multiphyscis有限元软件,研究原状土样在考虑和不考虑围压时的细观渗流规律.结果表明:两种条件下,计算渗透率都随水压差的增加呈线性降低的关系;考虑围压时,计算渗透率随竖向力呈先急剧到平缓下降,再急剧上升,最后趋于平缓下降的规律.同一时刻,考虑围压时的渗流长度较未考虑时的减少了约16%,速度大小降低了约13%.应力敏感性指数主要受围压控制,水压差对其影响甚微,且不同围压作用下应力敏感性指数呈"Z"字型变化.     

考虑孔隙压力影响的碳酸盐岩裂缝成因模式研究

通过三轴压缩实验研究了在不同围压和孔隙压力下碳酸盐岩破裂方式及裂缝分布形态。在设定的加载方式下,针对某异常高压油田碳酸盐岩实验结果表明:岩石在压缩导致破裂的过程中,破裂方式主要与有效应力有关;随着有效围压的增大,岩石逐渐由脆性变形转化为塑性变形。对三轴压缩实验后的岩心磨制了薄片,从微观上分析裂缝成因模式。随着有效围压的增大,裂缝类型分别为劈裂面、高角度缝、共轭剪切缝、高密度网状缝。     

Effect of uniaxial pressure on conduction behavior of carbon black filled poly（methyl vinyl siloxane） composites

~~Effect of uniaxial pressure on conduction behavior of carbon black filled poly(methyl vinyl siloxane) composites1. Lundberg, B., Sundqvist, B., Resistivity of a composite conducting polymer as a function of temperature, pressure, and environment: Application as a pressure and gas concentration transducer, J. Appl. Phys., 1986,60(3): 1074-1079. 2. Carmona, F., Canet, R., Delhaes, P., Piezoresistivity of heterogeneous solids, J. Appl. Phys., 1987, 61(7): 2550-2557. 3. Pra…     

The electrical conductivity of H2O at 0.21– 4.18 GPa and 20–350°C

The electrical conductivity of H₂O in solid and liquid phases has been measured at 0.21–4.18 GPa and 20–350°C. The results indicate: (I) different phases of H₂O in solid have different relations between electrical conductivity and temperature and pressure. The conductivity changes continuously with temperature, but discontinuously with the pressure between 2.11 and 2.58 GPa, which corresponds to the transforming pressure between ice (VI) and ice (VII);(II) the amductivity of H₂O in liquid all increases with temperature and pressure, but there are discontinuities at pressures between 0.57 and 0.9 GPa, and between 2.11 and 2.58 GPa, which are also consistent with the polyrnorph of ice (ice (V), ice (VI) and ice (VII)). This reflects that H₂O in liquid at different pressures has quite different properties of electron chemistry. It is probably the important reason that causes the layers with high electrical conductivity and low velocity in the earth’s ceust and upper mantle.     

An experimental study of dehydration melting of phengite-bearing eclogite at 1.5―3.0 GPa

Dehydration melting experiments were performed on ultrahigh-pressure eclogite from Bixiling in the Dabie orogen at 1.5--3.0 GPa and 800--950℃ using piston cylinder apparatus. The results show that （1） eclogite with -5% phengite started to melt at T≤800--850℃ and P = 1.5--2.0 GPa and produced about 3% granitic melt; （2） the products of dehydration melting of phengite-bearing eclogite vary with temperature and pressure. Fluid released from dehydration of phengite and zoisite leads to partial melting of eclogite and formation of plagioclase reaction rim around kyanite at pressures of 1.5--2.0 GPa and temperatures of 800--850℃; （3） phengite reacted with omphacite and quartz and produced oligoclase, kyanite and melt at elevated temperatures. Oligoclase is the primary reaction product produced by partial melting of phengite in the eclogite; and （4） the dehydration melting of phengite-bearing eclogite at pressures of 1.5--3.0 GPa and temperatures ≥900℃ results in formation of garnets with higher molar fraction of pyrope （37.67 wt.%--45.94 wt.%）. Potassium feldspar and jadeite occur at P = 2.4--3.0 GPa and T≥900℃, indicating higher pressure and fluid-absent conditions. Our results constrain the solidus for dehydration melting of phengite-bearing eclogite at pressures of 1.5--3.0 GPa. Combining experi- mental results with field observations of partial melting in natural eclogites, we concluded that phengite-bearing eclogites from the Dabie-Sulu orogen were able to partially molten at P= 1.5--2.0 GPa and T= 800--850℃ during exhumation. The ultrahigh-high pressure eclogites would have experienced partial melting in association with metamorphic phase transformation under different fluid conditions.     

滨海软黏土蠕变特性的三轴试验

为探讨天津滨海典型软黏土的蠕变特性,利用英国GDS动三轴试验系统,开展了考虑围压、加荷比以及排水条件等因素下的三轴蠕变试验研究,得到了不同条件下滨海软黏土的应力．应变．时间关系曲线．试验结果表明：天津滨海软黏土具有非线性蠕变特性,其蠕变变形演化特征受结构性制约,低围压条件下,蠕变等时曲线近似为线性,无明显的屈服特性;当围压较大时,蠕变等时曲线呈现折线特性;排水条件下的蠕变等时关系曲线比不排水条件下的非线性程度明显,排水条件下其体变性状总体上表现为剪缩,蠕变变形速率和变形量均低于不排水条件;不排水条件下软黏土的初始蠕变变形速率和变形量与围压和加荷比有关,相同偏应力水平下,固结压力越大,初始蠕变速率越大,达到稳定蠕变阶段的时间越短,蠕变变形量越小;初始固结压力一致时,加荷比越大瞬时蠕变速率越大。破坏应力值越小．     

硅掺杂量对柯石英形成条件的影响硅掺杂量对柯石英形成条件的影响

以不同质量比的α\|石英和硅混合粉体作为初始原料, 利用高能机械球磨和高压高温处理相结合的方法, 考察硅元素含量对柯石英形成条件的影响. 用X射线衍射(XRD)和Raman谱表征实验产物. 结果表明, 在高压高温密封条件下, α\|石英晶粒表面的Si与氧原子的吸引力较强, 阻碍了近邻原子位移, 从而制约了从六方α\|石英到单斜柯石英的马氏体型同质异构变化.