硫化矿无捕收剂浮选

本文报道了不加巯基类捕收剂,在实验室和工业回路中实现了硫化铜矿石的浮选。按天然可浮性、自诱导浮选和硫诱导浮选,研究和讨论硫化矿无捕收剂浮选的不同机理,提出了无捕收剂浮选分离硫化矿混合矿的新设想。     

硫化矿浮选体系中金属离子对石英浮选行为的影响

基于硫化矿物浮选过程中,尽管硫化矿物与石英的可浮性差异很大,但二氧化硅仍是硫化矿精矿中含量最高的杂质组分,是影响硫化矿物精矿质量的主要因素,对硫化矿物浮选体系中常见金属离子存在条件下戊基黄药浮选石英的行为规律进行了研究。研究结果表明:导致硫化矿精矿中石英含量高的主要原因之一是硫化矿浮选体系中存在的某些金属对石英具有活化浮选作用;Fe3+,Pb2+和Cu2+在合适的pH区间可以活化石英的浮选,而Ca2+,Mg2+和Fe2+对其可浮性没有明显影响;在浮选体系中,Fe3+,Pb2+,Cu2+,Ca2+,Mg2+和Fe2+这6种金属离子均可在石英表面吸附,但只有Fe3+,Pb2+和Cu2+作用后的石英表面可以吸附戊基钾黄药,从而活化石英浮选;溶液化学计算表明:金属离子的羟基络合物和氢氧化物是离子起活化作用的有效组分。     

钼铋铁硫化矿浮选分离流程的设计和试验

根据辉钼矿、辉铋矿和黄铁矿的基本可浮性之差异(包括中性油天然可浮性,黄药诱导可浮性和硫化钠诱导可浮性),设计了四种不同的原则流程来浮选和分离湖南某多金属矿石中的钼、铋、铁硫化矿物。这四种原则流程分别为:捕收剂诱导全浮选;钼铋中性油天然等可浮;钼中性油优先浮选;及硫硫化钠诱导优先浮选。小型粗选试验结果表明,设计的四种原则流程均可行,但以黄铁矿硫化钠诱导优先浮选流程的指标最高。这是一种新的浮选分离工艺,具有独创性。     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌抑制黄铁矿可浮性作用机理

通过对氧化亚铁硫杆菌吸附前后黄铁矿Zeta电位和表面接触角的测定,研究了其表面电性和润湿性变化,探讨了氧化亚铁硫杆菌抑制黄铁矿可浮性的作用机理.结果表明,氧化亚铁硫杆菌作用后,黄铁矿的表面电性发生明显变化,等电点pH值降低,表面润湿性变化不明显;氧化亚铁硫杆菌吸附对黄铁矿可浮性的抑制作用不是来源于增强黄铁矿表面的亲水性,而是由于减少了浮选捕收剂在黄铁矿表面的吸附,静电作用和空间位阻效应是导致黄铁矿可浮性受到抑制的重要原因.     

硫化矿物浮选体系中外控电位电极与矿物颗粒间的电偶腐蚀作用及其浮选

硫化矿物浮选电化学研究中,控制电位的方式有两种：氧化还原药剂调控和外加电场电位调控。在外控电位浮选体系中,由于外控电位电极与硫化矿物的腐蚀电位差异,电极与硫化矿物碰撞接触时形成电偶腐蚀。从腐蚀电化学理论出发,研究了电极与硫化矿物形成的电偶腐蚀对硫化矿物浮选过程的影响,指出所形成的电偶腐蚀对硫化矿物浮选过程的影响与电极极性、电极材料、矿物的浮选特征等有关。当浮选过程需要发生硫化矿物颗粒表面的氧化时,工作电极应为阳极,电极材料应有较高的腐蚀电位;当浮选过程需要发生硫化矿物颗粒表面的还原反应时,工作电极应为阴极,电极材料应有较矿物颗粒低的腐蚀电位;要消除电极与矿物颗粒之间的电偶腐蚀作用,外控电位电极材料的腐蚀电位与目的矿物颗粒的腐蚀电位应相等或相近。研究结果可为实现硫化矿物浮选过程中外控电位方式、电极材料和电极极性的选择提供依据。     

Physical chemistry mechanisms of CDR system in sulphide mineral flotation

The flotation tests, zeta potential measurements, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis on galena, sphalerite, and pyrite were studied in a collecting-depressing-reactivating (CDR) system. In this system, sulphide minerals were first collected and activated by the collector, and then depressed strongly by Ca(OH)₂ in a strong alkaline solution. Finally, they were reactivated by H₂SO₄. The flotation tests of pure minerals showed that in the Ca(OH)₂ depressing process sulphide minerals had similar flotation characteristics because they had already been influenced by the collector. Hence, the flotability differences between them were reduced. However, in the H₂SO₄ reactivating process considerable differences in the flotability between galena and sphalerite/pyrite were produced. That is to say, galena was relatively easy to be reactivated by H₂SO₄, but sphalerite and pyrite were not reactivated at pH > 11. The zeta potentials of sulfide minerals measured by the Zeta Plus presented irreversible characteristics on the change of pH values. The results of the FTIR spectra analysis indicated that the collectors already adsorbed on the mineral surface were removed partially by Ca(OH)₂.     

硅酸盐矿物表面特性的X射线光电子能谱分析

利用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析了5类结构9种硅酸盐矿物表面的元素分布、价态及多价金属阳离子对于阴离子的相对密度,结合矿物的晶体化学特征和在阴离子捕收剂浮选体系中的可浮性的研究表明,矿物的结构特征与其表面元素质量分数、状态、表面电性及可浮性之间具有密切的关系·5类硅酸盐矿物由于结构特征的差异,导致解离后暴露于表面的元素质量分数、价态存在差异,进而导致矿物表面电性及与捕收剂结合的牢固程度不同,从而使各类结构矿物在阴离子捕收剂浮选体系中具有不同的浮选特征·较系统地研究了多种硅酸盐矿物浮选的晶体化学原理·     

焦性没食子酸对硫化矿物的抑制性能和作用机理

研究了焦性没食子酸对硫化矿物浮选行为的影响及其作用机理，结果表明焦性没食子酸对方铅矿、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿具有抑制作用，对毒砂没有抑制作用，通过量子化学计算、亲固能计算以及能带结构分析等方法探讨了焦性没食子酸以硫化物的抑制机理。     

铜钼浮选分离中硫化钠的消耗机理

针对铜钼浮选分离生产过程中,往往存在着硫化钠抑制剂消耗量过大、生产成本过高的现象,使用硫离子选择电极动态监测不同条件下硫化钠溶液中硫离子电位,来初步研究硫化钠大量消耗的机理.结果表明:铜钼浮选分离过程中,空气的鼓入和矿浆的未加温处理会增加硫化钠的氧化消耗,是硫化钠消耗量大的原因之一.浮选矿浆中的矿物(如辉钼矿、黄铜矿和黄铁矿)有着催化硫化钠氧化分解的作用,加上矿物本身对硫化钠的吸附作用,是造成铜钼浮选分离过程中硫化钠大量消耗的又一原因.此外,矿浆中溶出的少量金属阳离子(如Cu²⁺和Fe³⁺)对硫化钠的氧化分解也有一定作用,进一步加剧了硫化钠的消耗.     

六偏磷酸钠在铝土矿浮选中的作用

通过浮选试验、吸附量测试、动电位测试,研究了六偏磷酸钠对一水硬铝石和高岭石2种矿物浮选行为的影响以及其作用机理.结果表明六偏磷酸钠对这2种矿物均有抑制作用,当捕收剂用量增大时,被六偏磷酸钠抑制的一水硬铝石的可浮性逐渐变好,而高岭石则变化不大．其主要原因在于六偏磷酸钠与捕收剂油酸钠在这2种矿物表面存在竞争吸附,而油酸钠在一水硬铝石表面的吸附能力强于在高岭石表面的吸附,使得在一定捕收剂用量下,六偏磷酸钠抑制高岭石的上浮而不抑制一水硬铝石,这为2种矿物的浮选分离提供了依据;此外,六偏磷酸钠对矿物表面的动电位影响较大,增大了矿物之间的静电排斥力,有利于矿泥的分散,增强了浮选分离的选择性．     

Slime coating of kaolinite on chalcopyrite in saline water flotation

In saline water flotation, the salinity can cause a distinguishable slime coating of clay minerals on chalcopyrite particles through its effect on their electrical double layers in aqueous solutions. In this work, kaolinite was used as a representative clay mineral for studying slime coating during chalcopyrite flotation. The flotation of chalcopyrite in the presence and absence of kaolinite in tap water, seawater, and gypsum-saturated water and the stability of chalcopyrite and kaolinite particles in slurries are presented. Zeta-potential distributions and scanning electron microscopy images were used to characterize and explain the different slime coating degrees and the different flotation performances. Kaolinite particles induced slime coating on chalcopyrite surfaces and reduced chalcopyrite floatability to the greatest extent when the pH value was in the alkaline range. At 0.24wt% of kaolinite, the chalcopyrite floatability was depressed by more than 10% at alkaline pH levels in tap water. Salinity in seawater and gypsum-saturated water compressed the electrical double layers and resulted in extensive slime coating.     

Effect of lattice defects on the electronic structures and floatability of pyrites

The electronic structures of three types of lattice defects in pyrites (i.e., As-substituted, Co-substituted, and intercrystalline Au pyrites) were calculated using the density functional theory (DFT). In addition, their band structures, density of states, and difference charge density were studied. The effect of the three types of lattice defects on the pyrite floatability was explored. The calculated results showed that the band-gaps of pyrites with Co-substitution and intercrystalline Au decreased significantly, which favors the oxidation of xanthate to dixanthogen and the adsorption of dixanthogen during pyrite flotation. The stability of the pyrites increased in the following order:As-substituted < perfect < Co-substituted < intercrystalline Au. Therefore, As-substituted pyrite is easier to be depressed by intensive oxidization compared to perfect pyrite in a strongly alkaline medium. However, Co-substituted and intercrystalline Au pyrites are more difficult to be depressed compared to perfect pyrite. The analysis of the Mulliken bond population and the electron density difference indicates that the covalence characteristic of the S-Fe bond is larger compared to the S-S bond in perfect pyrite. In addition, the presence of the three types of lattice defects in the pyrite bulk results in an increase in the covalence level of the S-Fe bond and a decrease in the covalence level of the S-S bond, which affect the natural floatability of the pyrites.     

油酸钠浮选体系中褐铁矿与方解石的分离及机理

对油酸钠浮选体系中褐铁矿和方解石的可浮性及钙离子的影响及机理进行研究.以焦磷酸钠为调整剂,在油酸钠质量浓度为146.1 mg/L,焦磷酸钠质量浓度为45.7 mg/L,pH=9.5的条件下,进行褐铁矿与方解石的人工混合矿反浮选分离试验.研究结果表明:油酸钠是褐铁矿和方解石的良好捕收剂,钙离子对褐铁矿浮选有强烈抑制作用,而对方解石可浮性基本无影响;红根栲胶是方解石的有效抑制剂,而焦磷酸钠是褐铁矿的有效抑制剂;褐铁矿回收率达到91％以上,且TFe质量分数由混合原矿的28.5％提高到49.5％;钙离子强烈抑制褐铁矿是因为Ca2+消耗了部分Ol-(油酸根)生成油酸钙沉淀,减少了Ol-(油酸根)在褐铁矿表面的吸附以及竞争吸附在褐铁矿表面的钙离子与油酸根生成的油酸钙脱落;方解石在浮选体系中的部分溶解可解除焦磷酸钠对方解石的抑制作用.     

山东焦家金矿深部载金矿物的研究

焦家金矿床为著名的构造破碎蚀变岩型大型金矿床,随着矿石不断开采,许多矿石工艺矿物学性质发生改变.为了提高金的回收率和确定选矿流程,开展了焦家金矿深部的载金矿物研究.采用光学显微镜、电镜、能谱分析等手段,对矿石的载金矿物种类、金赋存状态、金矿物粒度等矿石性质开展了深入研究.研究表明焦家金矿载金矿物主要有:黄铁矿、黄铜矿,其次是石英、闪锌矿、方铅矿.其中硫化物载金占8650%,硅酸盐矿物载金占1350%.赋存在黄铁矿、黄铜矿晶体中的金粒度比在硅酸盐矿物中大得多.在黄铁矿、黄铜矿和石英中的金颗粒分别为0074~0037mm,0043~0037以及>0037mm范围之内.焦家金矿金的赋存状态有:裂隙金、包裹金和晶隙金,其中裂隙金占6551%,包裹金占1819%,晶隙金占1666%.     

Flotation separation of arsenopyrite from several sulphide minerals with organic depressants

In this paper, the separation of arsenopyrite from chalcopyrite, pyrite, galena with organic depressants （guergum and sodium humic ） was discussed, and the functioning mechanism of those organic depressants was discussed. The experimental results of monomineral flotation indicated that both guergum and sodium humic have depressing effect on arsenopyrite in the presence of ethyl xanthate. Guergum and sodium humic showed different depressing ability to pyrite, chalcopyrite and galena, and the higher the pH value in pulp, the stronger the depressing ability. Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometric study showed that the adsorption layer of xanthate on surface of minerals had been desorhed by the two organic depressants, and the selective desorption of the collector layer was found from different minerals. The xanthate cover on minerals surface was set free when dosage of the organic depressants was high enough. For artificially-mixed minerals, the separation of arsenopyrite from other sulphides was successfully realized by controlling dosage of the organic depressants. And sodium humic had been concentrates in a commercial Lead-Zinc concentrator.     

镍钼矿浮选尾矿工艺矿物学及再选试验研究

镍钼矿浮选尾矿中Ni、Mo的品位分别为0.42%、0.62%,仍然具有开发利用价值.通过工艺矿物学分析,解释了镍钼矿浮选尾矿中镍、钼均主要以硫化矿形式存在,钼矿物与脉石矿嵌布关系密切,镍矿物与黄铁矿共生关系密切.通过再选闭路试验,浮选得到了Ni、Mo品位分别为1.44%、1.89%的再选精矿,Ni、Mo回收率分别为46.39%、41.24%,增加了镍钼矿综合回收利用.     

矿浆中金属离子对蓝晶石矿物浮选行为的影响

通过蓝晶石、石英及黑云母的浮选实验,研究了金属离子对矿物浮选行为的影响.实验结果表明:Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺显著活化蓝晶石的浮选,Al³⁺及Fe³⁺对蓝晶石及石英表现很强的抑制作用.浮选溶液化学分析表明,Fe³⁺,Al³⁺可以在矿物表面生成Fe(OH)₃和Al(OH)₃,使矿物浮选受到强烈的抑制;Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺由于羟基络合物存在使蓝晶石的零电点向低pH方向发生漂移,使十二胺的静电吸附力增强,起到活化作用.根据波耳兹曼矢量场中的粒子分布理论,通过计算Fe³⁺对矿物作用前后在不同pH条件下液相内部胺离子(RNH⁺₃)浓度、界面层胺离子的浓度以及比例关系来分析金属离子的活化或抑制作用机理.     

高硫铝土矿浮选除硫药剂的选择

考察了十二烷基磺酸钠、乙黄药、乙硫氮、丁黄药和异丁黄药5种浮选剂对高硫铝土矿浮选除硫性能的影响,着重考察了浮选剂用量、浮选时间、浮选矿浆液固质量比、pH值及矿石粒度对浮选除硫率和氧化铝回收率的影响.研究表明,十二烷基磺酸钠不具备浮选除硫的能力;乙黄药和乙硫氮具有一定的浮选除硫能力;丁黄药和异丁黄药浮选除硫的能力很强,较适合用于铝土矿浮选除硫的工业化生产.丁黄药和异丁黄药一步精选开路实验表明,异丁黄药具有较高的选择性,丁黄药具有较强的捕收能力.     

Bio-oxidation of pyrite, chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

This paper deals with the bio-oxidation processes by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans of pyrite, chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite. Our experimental results show distinctive bio-oxidation characteristics for the three sulfide minerals. In the presence of A. ferrooxidans, the sulfide oxidation rates generally decrease in the order of pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and pyrite. The pH during bio-oxidation of pyrite tends to decrease as a whole, whereas a rise-fall pattern was recorded for both chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite in their pH variations. No deposition was observed during the bio-oxidation of pyrite, suggesting a possible link to lower pH value in the process. However, large amounts of jarosite and element sulfur were determined in the bio-oxidation processes of chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite. A. ferrooxidans individuals were found directly as attachments to erosion pits on the smooth surface of pyrite. The erosion pits are similar to the bacterium in shape and length, and thus are probably products of dissolution of organic acid secreted by the cells on the mineral surface. More complicatedly, biofilm exists on the surfaces of chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite. This type of structured community of A. ferrooxidans is enclosed in the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and covered with the deposition generated in the bio-oxidation processes of chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite. Different bio-oxidation processes of pyrite, chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite may be linked mainly to characteristics of individual minerals and the pH in the reaction solution of the bio-oxidation system.     

细粒滑石对孔雀石硫化浮选的影响

通过浮选试验发现细粒滑石的加入降低了孔雀石的硫化浮选可浮性,细粒滑石含量越多,对孔雀石的可浮性影响越大;通过Zeta电位测试、吸附量测试、SEM-EDS分析和EDLVO理论计算研究分析了细粒滑石影响孔雀石硫化浮选的原因.结果表明:适量的Na₂S在孔雀石矿物表面的吸附是其硫化-黄药浮选成功的关键,而细粒滑石会吸附罩盖在孔雀石矿物表面,且滑石矿物表面不会发生Na₂S的吸附,因此,细粒滑石减弱了孔雀石矿物表面的硫化效果,使其可浮性降低.