基于split-and-conquer和非参数向前选择法的变量选择

变量选择是统计学界研究的重要课题之一.当处理高维数据时,一些常用的变量选择方法大多比较耗时,因此提出了一种既能筛选出高维数据中的变量又能节省时间的方法:基于split-and-conquer的非参数向前选择法.首先使用split-and-conquer方法将数据进行拆分,然后使用B样条函数逼近的非参数向前选择法进行研究.实验结果表明:基于split-and-conquer的非参数向前选择法可以较好地将变量选择出来,并且节省了大量时间.     

祁连山水文特征的因子分析研究

运用因子分析（R-型因子分析）的方法研究祁连山9个水文特征变量.结果表明用3个揭示水文特征的主因子,就可以解释9个水文特征变量与祁连山区域地貌之间相关性86.51%的信息,从而达到了压缩原始变量的目的.     

基于极化SAR和光学影像特征的土地覆盖分类

为了更好地利用多源遥感影像参与土地覆盖分类,采用一种基于合成孔径雷达(SAR)影像和光学影像相结合的特征分析及筛选方法.该方法在对光学影像和SAR影像的各类特征变量进行可分性分析后,使用随机森林算法对其组成的高维变量空间进行降维筛选,将筛选出的特征变量用于土地覆盖分类,并对实验结果进行分析比较.实验结果表明:利用随机森林算法对特征变量进行分析筛选后的变量组合可以取得最优的分类结果,总体精度和Kappa系数可以达到92.1％和0.91,相比于仅用SAR影像特征变量进行分类时分别提升了11.9％和16.7％.该方法能够充分发挥光学影像和SAR影像各自的优势,提高特征变量的利用率,使分类结果更加稳定和精确.     

基于高光谱图像技术的番茄叶片氮素营养诊断

通过提取番茄叶片高光谱图像的灰度、纹理特征将高光谱数据立方体转化成二维特征曲线,再利用特征选择方法 CFS对所有波长进行筛选,确定灰度特征的特征波长:549,669,742,830 nm和纹理特征的特征波长:482,684 nm.每个样本共有12个特征变量,对这12个变量进行主成分分析,提取9个主成分因子作为模型的输入向量,采用支持向量机建立番茄氮素营养水平诊断模型,得到4个梯度氮素水平(N1,N2,N3,N4)番茄叶片的正确识别率为96%,88%,92%,92%.研究结果表明高光谱图像技术对番茄氮素营养水平具有较好的诊断作用.     

黑龙江大宗作物估产模型： 以水稻、大豆、玉米为例

建立黑龙江省的大宗作物的估产模型,对于及时掌握该省的农情有积极作用,同时可以为其他区域的估产建模提供方法参考。文章首先计算了趋势单产、农业气候指标、遥感类指标、种植波动指标。然后,针对三种作物（大豆、玉米、水稻）进行估产分区,在各分区内联合使用随机森林和留一法筛选建模变量。最后,统计基于留一法建立的所有模型的平均绝对相对精度（MARE)的最大值、最小值、均值和均方根误差,以此来反映最终建模的精度和稳定性。结果表明：1）针对大豆、水稻和玉米,黑龙江分别被分成了3、3和4个估产子区;2）变量筛选的结果显示趋势单产的重要性>归一化植被指数（NDVI）距平的重要性>积温距平的重要性>Z指数的重要性;3）除玉米1区以外,针对三种作物建立的模型的最终MARE均小于10%,且所有模型的MARE的方差均小于0.05%。文章所建模型能够准确预测不同农业气候状况下的作物单产,可以为精细化筛选变量进行估产建模提供方法参考。     

非负稀疏编码收缩法的自然图像消噪

非负稀疏编码（NNSC）算法仅依赖自然图像数据的统计特性,具有自适应性.利用NNSC算法可以成功地提取自然图像的特征基向量;作为对特征基的一个实际应用,提出了一种新颖的用非负稀疏编码收缩技术消除自然图像中的高斯加性噪声的方法.实验表明,提取的特征基向量在时域和频域上都有方向性和局部性,表现了输入自然图像的边缘特性;而且与独立分量分析（ICA）法相比,NNSC法提取的特征基有更清晰的边缘特征.目视效果和归一化信噪比证明了NNSC收缩法的消噪效果要优于稀疏编码（或ICA）收缩法、小波收缩法和Wiener滤波等方法.     

基于EMD-AO-DELM的光伏功率预测算法

为提高光伏功率预测精确度,提出一种基于经验模态分解（Empirical Mode Decomposition,EMD）-天鹰优化器（Aquila Optimizer,AO）-深度极限学习机（Deep Extreme Learning Machine,DELM）的组合光伏功率预测模型.该算法对光伏发电影响因素进行分析筛选,选出与光伏输出功率高度相关的因素作为输入变量,并采用经验模态分解（EMD）将光伏原始功率数据分解为多个特征模态函数（Intrinsic Mode Function,IMF）.然后,将分解得到的IMF分量分别输入DELM预测模型,同时通过AO优化算法对DELM初始输入权重进行优化,从而提高深度极限学习机的泛化能力.最后,将各IMF分量预测结果叠加求和得到最终预测结果 .通过仿真结果表明,本文提出的EMD-AO-DELM预测模型,相较于单一DELM模型具有更好的预测精度,证明了所提方法的有效性.     

基于动态协方差建模的纵向数据特征筛选方法

为了使统计分析有效进行,特征筛选问题在超高维领域已被众多学者广泛研究;针对现存特征筛选方法不 能灵活处理超高维纵向数据的组内相关性问题,提出一个基于动态协方差建模的迭代特征筛选方法,并称之为迭代的动态特征筛选方法;在每次迭代过程中,均使用修正的 Cholesky 分解代替静态协方差矩阵建模方法对纵向数据的组内协方差矩阵进行动态建模,获得灵活的组内协方差矩阵估计,然后将所得估计代入广义估计方程中,并基于广义估计方程特征筛选方法的思想建立特征筛选准则进行筛选,最后当迭代算法收敛时得到最终的筛选子模型;引入随机模拟和酵母细胞周期循环基因表达数据集对迭代的动态特征筛选方法和基于广义估计方程的特征筛选方法以及其他 2 个经典的独立特征筛选方法进行测试,结果表明:迭代的动态特征筛选方法不仅可以快速地筛选出重要协变量,而且还能够更加灵活地处理纵向数据的组内相关性,拥有更高的筛选精度。     

基于ICA变量分组的集成软测量方法研究

提出了一种基于独立主成分分析（independent component analysis,ICA）变量分组和集成学习的软测量建模方法.该方法首先运用ICA对输入过程变量进行分组,建立多个变量组子空间.然后在各变量组子空间内提取子样本集,降低变量和变量组之间的耦合性,并基于核偏最小二乘法（KPLS）建立预测子模型.最后,采用贝叶斯方法对子模型的输出进行集成,给出最终预测结果.运用该方法对工业橡胶密炼过程的数据进行了预测,并与其它软测量方法的结果进行比较分析,实验结果表明,本文提出的方法具有更好的预测性能.      

基于冠幅及植株高度的檵木生物量回归模型

檵木是我国亚热带森林生态系统灌木层中常见的树种之一，为简单、方便且准确地估算其生物量，笔者以冠幅（C）和植株高度（H）两个形态因子作为变量，用数理统计方法筛选枝、叶、地上生物量的最佳估测模型。结果表明：CH复合变量与生物量相关性较好，以CH为自变量的乘幂曲线回归模型W=b0（CH）^b1为檵木最佳生物量估测模型，其枝、叶、地上部分生物量的最佳估测模型分别为W1=0．000796（CH）^1.1878、W2=0．0114（CH）^0.7581、W3=0．0024（CH）^1.0973，与常用的D^2H（地径平方与植株高度乘积）作为变量的生物量模型相比，精度基本一致，且工作简便性好。此外，采用CH估测地上生物量可取得较高的精度，亦体现了灌木形态近似圆柱形的形态特征。但该模型在立地条件差异较大或进行变量外推时应做进一步的验证。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.