Population Genetic Structure and Genetic Differentiation of the Pufferfish Takifugu Rubripes and Takifugu Pseudommus Revealed by RAPD Analysis

RAPD analysis is used to assay the population genetic structure and genetic differentiation of pufferfish T.rubripes and T.pseudommus.One hundred and twenty fragments are aplified with 21 random sequence 10-mer primers.The proportion of polymorphic fragments of T.rubripes populations from the coast of China(TRC),the coast of Japan(TRJ),general population of T.rubripes both from China and Japan(TRCJ),and the population of T.pseudommus are 31.7%,33.3%,35.0%and 39.2% respectively.The mean expected heterozygosities of the four populations are 0.116,0.125,0.126,and 0.144,respectively.Low genetic distances(ranging from 0.0118 to 0.0309)and Fst estimates(0.020 to 0.024) among the populations indicated that there is no significant differentiation between T.rubripes and T.pseudommus and suggested that only one species is involved.     

中国沿海长蛸群体16S rRNA基因的遗传变异研究

采用线粒体16S rRNA基因序列测定技术,分析了我国沿海长蛸4个野生群体的遗传结构及其变异。经比对获得了1个长度为512 bp的核苷酸片段,检测到48个变异位点,占分析位点总数的9.4%,45个个体共检测到30个单倍型,单倍型多样性指数H为0.964 6,总体核苷酸多样性指数Pi为0.032 9,表现出较丰富的遗传多样性。AMOVA分析表明,4个长蛸群体间存在较高的遗传分化,82.07%的遗传差异存在于群体间,而仅有17.93%的遗传差异存在于群体内。聚类分析也表明4个群体可明显聚为2个类群,一个由大连、青岛和舟山群体组成,另一个由厦门群体组成;厦门群体与其它群体间的遗传距离达到0.094,遗传分化系数和基因流分别达到0.97和0.02,表明厦门群体与其它3个群体有着显著的遗传隔离,可能为亚种水平的分化。上述群体间的分化可能与长蛸自身的底栖生活方式、海区水文条件及地理历史因素等有关。     

中日褐菖鲉群体耳石形态学比较分析

利用判别分析、主成分分析和聚类分析等多元统计分析方法,对中国、日本4个褐菖鲉群体耳石的8个形状指标和77个椭圆傅里叶参数进行分析.判别分析结果显示,这4个褐菖鲉群体综合判别正确率为89.1%,各群体判别正确率在79.2%~100%之间;聚类分析结果显示,中国惠州和海口的褐菖鲉群体聚为一支,日本横须贺和伯方岛群体聚为另一支;主成分分析结果显示,前17个主成分累积贡献率为96.25%.研究结果表明中国、日本褐菖鲉群体在耳石形态上存在显著差异.     

Genetic diversity in Penaeus chinensis shrimp as revealed by RAPD technique

The random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis was used to estimate genetic diversity in one successively cultivated stock and three wild stocks of Penaeus chinensis shrimp, two of which were collected from the spawning and wintering grounds in the west coast of Korean Peninsula, and one from the feeding ground in the China coast of the Yellow Sea. A random primer kit was employed to scan the genomic DNA in 20 individuals of each index stock. A total of 110 reproducible RAPD markers were obtained, 68.2 % of which showed a sound eonformability within all the individuals detected, implying that the genetic variability in P. chinensis is relatively low. The proportions of polymorphic loci among these four stocks ranged from 20% to 33.3%, while the degrees of genetic polymorphisms varied from 0.0093 to 0.0307. The genetic variability of inter-stocks was higher than that of intra-stock. The genetic diversity in different stocks differed from each other; that is, a less genetic differentiation in the spawning and wintering stocks from the west coast of Korean Peninsula was revealed and their genetic diversities were higher than that of the spawning stock in the Bohai Sea and the China coast of the Yellow Sea. As detected, the genetic diversity in the successively cultivated stock was the lowest among these four stocks. Through genetic distance analysis between a random pair of individuals, a dendrogram of the above-mentioned four stocks was constructed by unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean. The results based on cluster analysis well fitted with the geographical distribution of P. chinensis in the Bohai and Yellow Seas.     

中日褐菖鲇群体耳石形态学比较分析

利用判别分析、主成分分析和聚类分析等多元统计分析方法,对中国、日本4个褐菖蚰群体耳石的8个形状指标和77个椭圆傅里叶参数进行分析．判别分析结果显示,这4个褐菖铀群体综合判别正确率为89．1％,各群体判别正确率在79．2％--100％之间;聚类分析结果显示,中国惠州和海口的褐菖鼬群体聚为一支,日本横须贺和伯方岛群体聚为另一支;主成分分析结果显示,前17个主成分累积贡献率为96．25％．研究结果表明中国、日本褐菖触群体在耳石形态上存在显著差异．     

用微卫星技术研究珠江流域三个野生大眼鳜群体的遗传多样性

采用微卫星标记技术,探讨了广西右江、左江及红水河三江段野生大眼鳜群体的遗传多样性。采用生物信息学方法,自主开发了4对大眼鳜微卫星DNA引物,此外,还从28对鳜属微卫星通用引物中筛选出15对,19对标记均表现为高度多态性。对32尾右江(YJ)、35尾左江(ZJ)及36尾红水河(HSH)三地理群体野生大眼鳜进行遗传多样性分析,总群体的固定指数Fix范围为0.001 4~1.000,表明19个位点在总群体内表现为杂合子缺失,其对环境的应对能力有所下降。遗传参数统计结果表明,总群体观测等位基因数(Na=19.4737)、香农指数(I=2.399 8)、平均杂合度(Ave Het=0.720 6)、多态信息含量(0.447PIC0.947)均显示:在哈温平衡下,大眼鳜3群体遗传多样性丰富;但3群体遗传多样性存在差异,红水河群体的遗传多样性比左江群体、右江群体的遗传多样性丰富,左江和右江群体的遗传多样性水平较为接近。群体间遗传分化水平较大(0.15群体间近交系数Fst=0.153 90.25),15.39%的遗传变异来自于群体间,84.61%的遗传变异来自于群体内,群体内近交系数Fis为0.576 1,各座位的基因流Nm分布范围较广(0.147 4~8.909 1),平均Nm值为1.374 5,表明3群体间属于中等遗传分化水平,基因流基本顺畅,群体内的近交系数较高,容易引起遗传结构的变化。基于Nei's遗传距离的聚类分析显示左江群体与右江群体首先聚为一支,再与红水河聚为一支,符合其在地理位置上的关系。     

缙云山特有植物缙云黄芩的等位酶变异研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直平板电泳检测了重庆缙云山特有植物缙云黄芩 (ScutellariatsinyunensisC Y WuetS chow) 7个居群 70个个体的过氧化物酶 (POD)、细胞色素氧化酶 (CYT)、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、淀粉酶 (AMY)和酯酶 (ES) 5种等位酶谱带的变异式样 .并将所得酶谱带进行编码 ,然后分别用Jaccard和Sokal Michener结合系数结合不加权组平均法 (UPGMA)进行聚类 .7个居群等位酶谱带分布表明 ,只有 15 5 6 %的等位酶谱带在所有个体中是恒定的 ,其余 84 44 %的等位酶谱带在个体间显示出或多或少的变异 .在居群水平上 ,也只有 2 2 2 2 %的等位酶谱带是恒定的 ,77 78%的等位酶谱带存在有分化 .聚类分析结果表明缙云黄芩同一居群的个体间在等位酶谱带上表现出很大的相似性 ,即居群内个体间表现出较大的遗传同质性 ;而来源于不同居群的个体酶谱则表现出明显的趋异性 ,显示出缙云黄芩不同居群之间发生了较明显的遗传分化     

多辐溲疏居群过氧化物酶同工酶分化的研究

运用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳，测试了采自四川南川县金佛山不同生境的多辐溲疏５个居群５０株个体的过氧化物酶同工酶，对酶谱带位置进行了二态编码，然后采用Ｒｏｇｅｒｓ－Ｔａｎｉｍｏｔｏ，Ｓｏｋａｌ－Ｍｉｃｈ－ｅｎｅｒ，Ｓｏｋａｌ－Ｓｎｅａｔｈ，Ｊａｃｃａｒｄ等结合系数用组平均法（ＵＰＧＭＡ）对各谱带位置进行了聚类分析．结果表明，相同生境同一居群内的个体间表现出较大的遗传同质性，而来源于不同生境的不同居群个体间却呈现出较大的遗传趋异性；同时，５个居群不但具有许多共同谱带，而且整体相聚的结合系数大多超过０．５，这表明５个居群在很早以前可能是属于同一大居群，在长期进化过程中，由于微生境的地理与气候因子选择，使得多辐溲疏现仅在金佛山海拔６００～１２００ｍ的约ｋｍ２范围内呈岛状分布；又由于其特殊的繁殖方式——居群内个体虽能杂交，但因该种仅能正常开花传粉，大部分种子败育，使得居群内个体遗传变异性不能通过有性生殖方式固定下来，仅能通过营养繁殖方式繁殖后代，而正是营养繁殖导致了居群内较大遗传同质性以及居群间的遗传趋异性．在整个进化过程中生境只不过是对那些遗传变异起到了选择固定作用     

Phenotypic and genetic variation between two populations of the Chinese yellow pond turtle, Mauremys mutica （Cantor, 1842）

Mauremys mutica (Cantor, 1842) is an endangered species in China. Main phenotypic variations in body color, body weight, body shape, clutch size, egg size, and hatchling size were revealed between the southern and northern populations. Both populations have the phenomenon of "larger male" sexual size dimorphism (SSD), especially in the southern population. Furthermore, genetic variations between the two populations were analyzed by RAPD band patterns of 30 random individuals in each population. The average genetic distance was 0.299±0.108 among the samples of two populations. The average genetic distance between southern and northern populations was 0.305±0.046. Cluster analysis indicated that all the individuals from the southern and northern populations were clustered among themselves to form two distinct clades. A total of 20 population-specific RAPD fragments were scored from 16 primers, and could be used as RAPD markers for distinguishing the southern and the northern population. Based on the nucleotide sequences of two RAPD markers, two pairs of SCAR primers (SC1-S and SC2-S) were designed, which could be used as SCAR markers for the southern population. According to the significant phenotypic and genetic variations, we suggested that the northern population and southern population might be considered as two separate taxa, the "northern taxon" and the "southern taxon", and the conservation should be respectively conducted on the two taxa.     

Genetic diversity among Chinese sika deer （Cerrus nippon） populations and relationships between Chinese and Japanese sika deer

Sika deer （Cervus nippon） is a cervid endemic to mainland and insular Asia and endangered. We analyzed variation in the mitochondrial DNA （mtDNA） control region for four subspecies to understand the genetic diversity, population structure and evolutionary history in China. 335 bp were sequenced and eight haplotypes were identified based on 25 variable sites among the populations. Sika deer in China showed lower genetic diversity, sug- gesting a small effective population size due to habitat fragmentation, a low number of founder individuals, or the narrow breeding program. AMOVA analysis indicated that there was significant genetic subdivision among the four populations, but no correlation between the genetic and geographic distance. PhyIogenetic analyses also revealed that Chinese sika deer may be divided into three genetic clades, but the genetic structure among Chinese populations was inconsistent with subspecies designations and present geographic distribution. Including the sequence data of Japanese sika deer, the results indicated that Chinese populations were more closely related to Southern Japanese populations than to the Northern Japanese one, and the Taiwan population was closer to populations of Northeastern China and Sichuan than to those of Southern China.     

Genetic relationships among Chinese and American isolates of Phytophthora sojae assessed by RAPD markers

The genetic diversity of three geographic populations of Phytophthora sojae from China and the United States was determined using random amplified polymorphic DNA （RAPD）. The purpose was to explore genetic relationships among Chinese and American isolates of the organism. 21 random primers were selected among 200 random primers screened. A total of 223 reproducible RAPD fragments were scored among 111 individuals, of which 199 （89.23%） were polymorphic. Analysis of genetic variation showed that there existed higher genetic variation in the United States population in comparison to the Chinese populations. Nei＇s genetic identity and principal component analysis indicated that the populations of Fujian and United States are closer to each other than to Heilongjiang populations. Shannon-Wiener diversity index revealed that the United States populations have a higher genetic di- versity than that of Chinese populations. These data are in support of the hypothesis that P. sojae in the United States might not have been introduced from China.     

论积极利用国际法解决我国与日本、菲律宾岛屿争端

日本和菲律宾分别在我国东海和南海挑起事端，严重侵犯中国的海洋主权。根据国际公法，日本和菲律宾应当放弃武力威胁的违法行为，回到和平解决国际争端的正确道路上来。中国与日菲之间的领土争端也影响到各自的经济领域，对日本和菲律宾的经济都造成了比较严重的损失。因此，和则两利，斗则俱败。中国不惧怕通过法律途径解决问题，但应当以自愿为前提。如果日本与菲律宾的侵占行为触碰中国政府和人民所能容忍的底线时，通过武力方式捍卫国家领土完整是中国的合法权利，具有充分的国际法依据。     

赤点石斑鱼群体遗传结构的微卫星分析

 赤点石斑鱼Epinephelus akaara作为我国南方海域的经济水产鱼类,已面临着种质资源匮乏,过度开发的局面。为了开展其保护生物学研究和促进养殖业的健康发展,开展了赤点石斑鱼群体的微卫星分析,对中国东南沿海7个赤点石斑鱼群体的遗传变异进行了研究,发现在不同渔场之间的种群存在着丰富的遗传多样性,并且具有明显的地理区域分布特征,这为赤点石斑鱼的种质资源研究和遗传育种提供了遗传学基础。     

The genetic diversity of Gaozhou wild rice analyzed by SSR

LOCATED AT 21°42′34″―22°18′48″N AND 110°36′48″― 111°22′45″E IN THE TRANSITION REGION FROM SOUTH SUB- TROPICS TO NORTH SUBTROPICS, GAOZHOU WILD RICE (GWR) IS COMMON WILD RICE (ORYZA RUFIPOGON GRIFF.) AND THE WIDEST WILD RICE POPULATION IN GUA     

基于SSR标记的麻栎天然群体遗传多样性分析

【目的】基于SSR分子标记对麻栎天然群体遗传多样性与遗传结构进行分析,为麻栎种质资源的保护和利用提供理论基础。【方法】以分布于我国7个省8个麻栎天然群体的150个个体为研究对象,利用筛选出的18对SSR引物,使用GenAIEx 6.51、MEGA 7.0.26和Structure 2.3.4等软件,采用AMOVA分析、主成分分析、聚类分析和Structure分析等方法,对麻栎群体及相应个体的遗传多样性、分子方差、遗传距离及遗传结构进行研究。【结果】18个SSR位点的等位基因数(N_a)平均为5.625个,有效等位基因数(N_e)平均为4.104个,Shannon指数(I)平均为1.338,观测杂合度(H_o)平均为0.895,期望杂合度(H_e)平均为0.645,筛选出的18对麻栎SSR引物具有丰富的多态性。8个麻栎群体的遗传距离为0.222~1.587,遗传一致度为0.205~0.801,遗传分化系数(F_st)平均为0.252,基因流(N_m)平均为1.140,固定指数(F)均为负值且平均为-0.441。麻栎群体的遗传多样性水平较高,遗传分化小,且群体间存在杂合子剩余;其98%的变异来自群体内, 2%的变异来自群体间。UPGMA聚类分析、Structure分析均将8个群体分为2组,二者的个体组成成分存在一定差异;主成分分析结果与上述基本一致,存在一定的交叉引种及基因渐渗现象。【结论】麻栎群体遗传多样性水平较高,遗传分化水平较低,遗传差异主要存在于群体内部,并呈现出沿“西南—东北”方向地理变异规律。因此,对麻栎天然群体的保护应该采取原地保护和异地繁育保存相结合的措施。     

东海和黄海双斑（蟳）4个地理群体的形态学变异研究

运用单因素方差分析、聚类分析、主成分分析和判别分析对双斑（蟳）日照、胶南、吕泗和舟山渔场4个群体的形态学差异进行了比较研究.单因素方差分析的结果显示,4个取样点双斑（蟳）群体未达到亚种差异水平.聚类分析结果表明,日照渔场群体和胶南渔场群体的欧氏距离最小,胶南渔场群体与舟山渔场群体间的欧氏距离最大,黄海群体与东海群体之间存在差异性.判别分析结果支持聚类分析所得出的结论.由此认为,东海与黄海双斑（蟳）群体间存在一定的形态差异.     

The isozyme variation pattern among individuals and populations of Deutzia multiradiata

ＴｈｅｉｓｏｚｙｍｅｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｐａｔｔｅｒｎａｍｏｎｇｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｓａｎｄｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆＤｅｕｔｚｉａｍｕｌｔｉｒａｄｉａｔａ￥ＨｅＰｉｎｇ；ＴａｎＦｅｎｇ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＬｉｆｅＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ，Ｓｏｕｔｈｗｅｓ...     

北部湾北部我国沿岸海区鱼类区系的初步调查

北部湾北部沿岸的鱼类共有326种,按贝尔格分类系统,隶属于17目88科190属。软骨鱼类19种,占总数的5.8%,硬骨鱼类307种,占94.2%,其中鲈形目鱼类占优势,有200种。根据区系的温度特征,本海区鱼类可分为二大类群:暖水性鱼类273种,占83.7%;暖温性鱼类53种,占16.3%;没有冷水性和冷温性鱼类。生态类型以近底层和底层鱼类为主,中上层鱼类和珊瑚礁鱼类较少。本海区鱼类均为南海沿岸种,属南海鱼类区系的一个组成部分。     

不同种群灰飞虱(Laodelphax striatellus)的RAPD分析

用RAPD技术对9个不同的灰飞虱地理种群的DNA多态性进行了研究。按Neighbor-joining聚类法构建了这9个种群灰飞虱的分子系统树。该系统树分为2簇,簇1包括我国北京、福建、海南、辽宁、四川、上海、云南地区的灰飞虱种群,簇2包括宁夏地区和日本东京地区的2个灰飞虱种群。研究表明,不同地区灰飞虱种群的遗传距离与其地理距离不呈相关性。     

狭边大叶藓(Rhodobryum ontariense)遗传多样性的ISSR分析

狭边大叶藓[Rhodobryum ontariense(Kindb.)Paris]为真藓科大叶藓属植物,具有治疗心血管疾病的功效。本研究选用ISSR分子标记对分布于河北、河南、四川和陕西四省的9个狭边大叶藓自然居群的遗传多样性进行研究,目的在于揭示狭边大叶藓居群的遗传结构和遗传多样性水平,为其保护和合理开发利用提供科学依据。用8个ISSR引物对9个居群共58个样品进行扩增,共获得47条清晰的扩增位点。POPGENE分析表明,狭边大叶藓居群遗传多样性水平较低(多态性位点比率为37.75%,Nei’s基因多样性为0.153 0,Shannon’信息指数为0.222 8,遗传分化指数Gst为0.299 7,居群间的基因流为1.168 2)。AMOVA分析表明,大多数遗传变异(84.07%)存在于居群内,15.93%的遗传变异存在于居群间(Φst=0.159 3)。UPGMA聚类分析表明,狭边大叶藓居群遗传距离和地理距离没有相关性(r=0.404 95,p=0.979 1)。