谈言语交际艺术的原则

言语交际是一门讲求艺术的学问。无论在一般的社交场合，还是在公关活动中，要想取得满意的效果，必须在语言运用上讲求艺术。而语言运用上的艺术，受制于一定的原则，这些原则概括起来可从两个方面来论述．一、艺术地运用语言，必须把握好语言本身的规则任何一门语言都是语音、词汇、语法三大要素的有机组合体，不同的语言在三大要素上都有自己的规则，因此要艺术地运用语言，不能不把握这些规则．在语音上，言语交际应主要使用现代汉民族共同语——普通话。中国地域辽阔，方言众多，很多方言，像“吴方言”、“粤方言”、“闽方言”等在其…     

谈Grice的合作原则

美国语言哲学家格赖斯(H.P.Grice)1967年在哈佛大学的讲座上作了三次演讲。他提出,为了保证会话顺利进行,谈话双方必须共同遵守一些基本原则,特别是“合作原则”(Cooperative Principle)。他认为人们的言语交际总是相互合作的,谈话双方都抱有一个共的愿望,双方的话语都能被互相理解,共同配合。因此他们都要遵守某些合作原则,以求实现这个愿望。但是,格赖斯指出,在交际中人们并     

语言运用中的适应原则——语用原则论之三

语言运用是一个动态运行的过程,在这一过程中,无论是言语表达者,还是言语接受者,都是在一种相互适应的状态下完成交际的任务的。语言运用中的适应原则,是探讨言语交际动态进程的一条指导原则,是言语交际双方都必须遵守的一条应用原则,也是我们分析语言     

以"礼貌原则"诠释东西方跨文化交际中的言语差异及语用失误

指出尽管Leech的“礼貌原则”具有普遍性,但是,不同文化背景的人在遵循这一原则以及对影响遵循这一原则的因素的解释上存在着差异。指出语言能力强的人,语用能力不一定就强;语言知识高深的人,不一定能在跨文化交际中取得成功。在跨文化交际中,应当高度注意风俗上的差异,顺利完成共同点较少的文化交际之间的转变。     

浅谈会话合作原则的变异性

会话合作原则的遵守是相对的。在特定的语境中 ,违反合作原则往往会产生特定的会话含义 ,这并不妨碍双方的言语交际 ,相反能使言语交际更有效地进行 ,它使言语交际充满创新 ,使语言异常生动活泼 ,这实际上就是会话合作原则变异用法的特殊效果。会话合作原则的变异运用 ,其前提是“合作” ,有合作才可能有沟通 ,才可能使言语交际顺利进行。     

合作原则和礼貌原则在口语教学中的运用

合作原则和礼貌原则是人们在交际活动中应当遵守的语用原则。合作原则在会话中起着调节交际双方说话内容的作用,而礼貌原则实际上具有更大的约束力,通过语言来表达礼貌是最常用的手段,它是成功交际的一条语用原则。在教学中,教师要以语言为基础、语用为目的,让学生了解语用学中的合作原则和礼貌原则等一些理论知识,以便学以致用,最终提高口语交际能力。     

礼貌原则在跨文化交际中的应用

语言学家认为,语言至少有两套规则:一是结构规则,即语音、词汇、语法等;二是使用规则,即决定使用语言是否得体的诸因素。一句完全合乎语法的话,用于不恰当的场合,不符合说话者的身份,或者违反当时当地的社会风俗习惯,就达不到交际的目的,有时甚至造成意想不到的后果。语言的使用规则实际上就是这种语言所属文化的各种因素。文章主要论述了“礼貌原则”以及“礼貌原则”在跨文化交际中的应用。     

跨文化交际语用的得体原则

通过对语用学研究中“合作原则”和“礼貌原则”的评述，分析并探讨了跨文化交际中出现“语用迁移”和“语用失误”现象的原因，并通过实例证明语用得体是跨文化交际的最高原则。     

益己原则初探－人类语言交际遵循的原则之一

Grice合作原则和Leech礼貌原则一般被学术界认为是语言交际顺利进行所须遵守的原则。笔者通过对英语委婉语进行语用分析发现：人们在语言交际中有时还须遵循着另一条与礼貌原则互为补充的基本交际原则－益己原则。     

交际语言教学理论和原则探析

作为一种语言教学的新路子,交际语言教学对当代语言教学产生了广泛的影响。因此,对其理论和原则进行系统探讨和分析,对外语教法改革无疑具有积极的启示作用。从这个角度出发,本文拟从交际语言教学的含义、交际语言教学的理论和原则及交际语言教学的教学设计三个方面进行分析探讨。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.