木质素热解的热重红外分析仪实验研究

利用热重红外分析仪(TG-FTIR)对木质素进行热重分析及主要气相产物分析;并探讨了升温速率和碱金属盐对木质素热解过程的影响规律。结果表明:随着升温速率的增加,挥发分析出阶段DTG曲线的峰型变宽,热解起始温度、最大失重峰温均向高温侧移动;且较高的升温速率不利于气相产物的析出。添加碳酸钠、碳酸钙和碳酸钾对木质素热解主反应区反应速率的影响较小,相比碱金属盐的加入量而言,最终热解固体产物略有增加;同时碱金属盐的添加对气相产物的析出有明显抑制作用。与其他两种碱金属盐相比,碳酸钙的加入对600~700℃温度区间内木质素热解产生的CO和CO_2产量有一定的促进作用。     

木质素热裂解特性及动力学研究

利用热重分析仪与气相色谱/质谱联用仪(TG-GC/MS)对木质素进行了动态升温热裂解研究。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪分析木质素微观结构,得到不同升温速率下的热重曲线,研究表明,木质素高温热裂解可以分为3个阶段,分别为干燥失水阶段、挥发分析出阶段和炭化阶段;随着升温速率的增加,各个阶段的最大失重率所对应的温度均向高温侧轻微移动,并且失重程度也随之增加;升温速率对木质素热裂解挥发分析出阶段机理模型的选择没有影响,其热裂解反应机理是一级反应控制机理,木质素热裂解挥发分析出阶段在不同升温速率下的表观活化能为54~63 k J·mol-1;对TG-GC/MS的联用提出了新的见解,设计加装了空气驱动阀,获得了主要热裂解气体产物CO,CO2,CH4和H2在不同温度下的析出规律。     

稀酸水解木质素的热失重特性及其动力学分析（修改稿）

利用热重分析法对稀酸水解木质素的热解行为进行了研究,探讨了这种工业木素在不同升温速率时的热解特性及升温速率对热解反应的影响,并根据微分热重曲线,建立了动力学模型,计算热解反应的动力学参数。结果表明：稀酸水解木质素的热解过程可以分为脱水、保持、剧烈失重和缓慢失重4个阶段,在低温区有一个强烈失重峰,根据Coats-Redfern法来描述热解过程并计算出稀酸水解木质素在不同升温速率下的热解动力学参数,其动力学模型可用2个一级反应表示。     

福城煤的热解动力学研究

通过热重分析法对福城煤的热失重行为进行研究,并用Coats-Redfern法计算和比较不同升温速率下煤的热解反应活化能、指前因子.结果表明,升温速率对样品最终失重量没有明显影响;最大失重速率峰随升温速率升高向高温偏移;较低升温速率下热解反应受煤的结焦影响较大.福城煤热解可由3个独立的一级反应来表示;随着升温速率的增加,中间阶段活化能降低而第三阶段活化能增加,活化能与指前因子间存在动力学补偿效应.     

褐煤与大豆荚共热解特性分析及动力学研究

利用热重分析仪对褐煤、大豆荚及其混合物进行热解特性分析,研究添加大豆荚对褐煤热解过程的影响,并从动力学角度分析其热解机理。结果表明,大豆荚的添加有利于促进褐煤热解反应,使其热解过程向低温区移动,热解失重速率变快,与褐煤单独热解相比,在升温速率为10K/min下30%大豆荚与褐煤共热解的最大失重速率所对应的温度降低5.6℃,挥发分析出的终止温度提前17.51℃,其混合物热解反应指前因子A增大2.78min~(-1);大豆荚与褐煤混合物的热解速率随着升温速率的增大而加快,其热解过程符合一级反应动力学方程。     

稀酸水解木素的热失重特性及其动力学分析

采用热重分析的方法研究了稀酸水解木素在不同升温速率时的热解特性及升温速率对热解反应的影响,并根据微分热重曲线,建立了动力学模型,计算了热解反应的动力学参数.结果表明:200～450℃温度区间是水解木素热解的主要阶段;随着升温速率的增大,热重曲线向高温区移动,升温速率为10、20和30℃/min时,失重速率分别在311.9、323.8和338.1℃左右出现最大值,且微分热重曲线均只出现一个较大的失重峰.根据Coats-Redfern法,稀酸水解木素在不同升温速率下的热解可用两个一级反应表示,随着升温速率的提高,活化能有所降低,低温区稀酸水解木素的活化能在18.27～18.47kJ/mol之间,高温区的在74.45～84.37kJ/mol之间.     

氧化钙对褐煤和无烟煤热解特性影响

为研究CaO对褐煤和无烟煤热解特性影响,采用实验室小型固定床反应器对锡林郭勒褐煤(X)和宁夏石嘴山无烟煤(SH),进行热解实验,研究了CaO对热解三相产物分布规律影响。实验结果表明:在500~600℃时,添加2%CaO后褐煤热解生成CO_2的产率小于未添加CaO煤样热解生成CO_2的产率,添加CaO与否对其他3种气体H_2,CH_4,CO产率影响不大;与未加入CaO的褐煤煤样相比,加入CaO的褐煤煤样在相应温度下热解气相产物产率小幅度降低,且随着热解温度的升高,加入CaO的褐煤煤样气相产物产率增加速率大于未加入CaO的褐煤煤样。褐煤脱挥发分主要在600℃之前的热解阶段,而对于无烟煤来说,CaO在中温热解阶段对挥发分的脱除具有促进作用。对于褐煤半焦来说,加入2%CaO一直作为灰分存在半焦中,且随着热解温度的升高,褐煤半焦在高温时反应活性较高,发生热缩聚反应,导致半焦中有机质含量降低,以上2种原因直接导致褐煤半焦灰分升高;对于无烟煤来说,灰分增加主要是由于CaO的加入。     

花生壳的热重-质谱分析及其反应动力学

采用热重-质谱联用(TG-MS)研究了氮气气氛中花生壳在不同升温速率(5,10和20℃/min)下的热解行为,分析得到了花生壳热裂解过程产生的小分子气相产物(CO2,CH4,H2,CO)随温度和升温速率变化的释放规律.结果表明:花生壳热裂解过程分为四个阶段,升温速率越大,花生壳热解的失重温度区间越宽,最大热解速率峰越陡峭.应用Flynn-Wall-Ozawa法得出花生壳热裂解过程不同转化率(0.2~0.8)下的活化能在57.3~88.6 k J/mol范围内.结合Achar微分法和Coats-Redfern积分法确定了该反应过程的机理函数表达式,将30种常用机理函数一一代入得出花生壳热裂解机理的最概然函数为球形对称的三维扩散Jander方程,反应级数为2级.     

油菜籽粕生物质热解过程特征研究

以油菜籽粕生物质为原料,采用电加热方式,研究了不同加热速率下的热解过程及产物产出规律,对热解产物中不凝气体的成分进行了分析,考察了加热速率对产物产出率的影响。结果表明：油菜籽粕的热解过程可分为水分蒸发、半纤维素热解、纤维素和木质素热解、木质素炭化4个阶段;加热速率的高低虽然对水分的蒸发过程特征没有影响,但在低加热速率下,生物质中不同的组分将在不同的反应温度区间内进行热解反应;不凝气体和冷凝液体两种热解产物主要在100~550℃之间析出,是半纤维素和纤维素的主要热解产物,它们的产出率与温度的关系具有不同的特征;不凝气体中可燃气体的体积分数随着反应温度的升高逐渐增多;当控制加热速率为4～6℃/min时,油菜籽粕的3种热解产物量均可以达到较理想的效果。     

黑液的热失重特性及其动力学分析

采用热重分析法对黑液固形物样品的热解行为进行了研究,分析了黑液在不同升温速率时的热解特性,并与纯碱木素的热解特性进行对比.结果表明:黑液的热解过程可以分为4个阶段,且在低温区和高温区各有一个强烈失重峰,黑液中糖、有机酸以及碱金属盐对黑液热解特性存在一定的影响;而纯碱木素的热解过程由脱水、保持、剧烈失重和缓慢失重4个区域组成,热解开始较早,但持续时间较长.黑液的热解特性与纯碱木素的有一定差别.在实验的基础上,根据Coats-Redfern法描述了热解过程,计算了黑液和纯碱木素样品在不同升温速率下的热解动力学参数.动力学研究结果表明:黑液有机物热解的主要区域的反应级数为4,活化能和频率因子随加热速率的提高而轻微上升.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.