瓦斯研究史上的两个新定律

<正>1873年,荷兰物理学家范德瓦耳斯在德国物理大师克劳修斯的论文启发下,考虑了真实气体分子本身的体积及其分子间的引力,对理想气态方程进行了修正,得出了范氏气态方程。范氏气态方程考虑了气体分子本身的体积及其分子间的引力,而理想气态方程没有考虑这两个因素,因此,理想气     

喷射器气体动力函数法的真实气体修正

索科洛夫提出的气体动力函数法是喷射器经典的设计方法，但是其基于理想气体的假设使得该方法应用于高压的真实气体时误差较大。运用气体热力学方法，从焓和定压比热容的定义入手，引入真实气体等熵温度绝热指数和等熵容积绝热指数，结合能量方程，推导出基于真实气体的气体动力学函数理论式。在此基础上，依据动量守恒和质量守恒定律，推导出了基于真实气体的气体喷射器与气力输送喷射器的基本方程。与索科洛夫设计方法进行了对比，结果表明，低压工况下，基于真实气体的修正方法与索科洛夫设计方法计算结果吻合，说明修正的设计方法覆盖了索科洛夫设计方法；但在高压工况下，两种设计方法的结果差异明显。基于真实气体的修正弥补了索科洛夫设计方法的局限，可适用于全压范围的喷射器设计。     

用SRK方程计算真实气体的密度

介绍了由Soave修正的Redich-Kwong方程的计算公式，计算方法和计算步骤，利用计算机程序对真实气体的密度进行计算举例，将计算结果和实验结果进行了比较，把利用理想气体状态方程计算的结果和实验结果也进行了比较，结果证明：在实际状态下，由SRK方程计算的结果和实验结果接近，由理想气体状态方程计算的结果误差较大，因此，推荐利用SRK方程计算真实气体密度的方法是准确可行的。     

范德瓦尔斯气体方程描述真实气体的成功与缺陷

根据热学第一、第二定律讨论范德瓦尔斯气体的多方方程，绝热方程，绝热膨胀和自由膨胀，说明范氏气体状态方程相对于理想气体状态方程在描写真实气体的性质方面更具有优势。根据真实气体等温线和范德瓦尔斯气体等温线的差别来说明范德瓦尔斯气体方程的缺陷。     

真实气体高速非达西流的单井数值模拟

在考虑天然气高速非达西渗流特征和真实气体PVT参数随压力变化基础上,建立了平面径向流下单井高速非达西不稳定渗流数学模型,模型中气体渗流符合Forchheimer二项式方程,并引入了天然气PVT参数的计算和拟压力的计算,采用数值差分方法对模型进行求解,并编制了计算软件。计算了非达西渗流以及真实气体PVT参数随压力变化对产能的影响,为气藏产能计算和动态分析提供依据。     

高超声速流动上仰异常现象关键因素数值研究

高温真实气体效应所引起气体比热比γ的降低被认为是导致航天飞机"上仰异常"的主要原因.为详细研究此问题,本文数值求解了Euler方程,化学反应源项采用有限速率模型,考虑了5个组分、17个基元反应.研究结果表明采用低比热比气体CF4作为实验气体会导致膨胀区的压力分布与真实气体效应的影响规律不一致,并不能反映出"上仰异常"现象的本质.在高温真实气体效应的影响下,化学反应所带来的影响大于振动激发的影响,对于y方向半模压力积分Cay来说是3.8倍,而对于半模力矩积分系数Cam来说是1.7倍.对比分析表明,热化学反应导致的比热比分布不均衡是导致"上仰异常"现象出现的根本原因.     

关于范德瓦耳斯气体的若干讨论

讨论了范德瓦耳斯气体的内能和熵，给出了相应数学表达式；推导了范德瓦耳斯气体在准静态的绝热过程中的过程方程．     

玻意耳定律常量表达式的确定

玻意耳定律常量是一个给定温度下的常量，可用一个含有瓦斯温度的式子来表示玻意耳定律的常量：下面，将在玻意耳定律和范氏气态方程的基础上，分析确定玻意耳定律常量的表达式。     

声子之间的相互作用与晶格热平衡

用玻耳兹曼方程和郎道方程，分析声子之间的相互作用与晶热平衡，得到晶格热平衡是声子之间的相互作用的结果，得到驰豫时间与声子之间相互作用强度的平方成反比，对简谐近似了晶格不可能达到热平衡进行了分析。     

真实气体化学平衡常数的求定及应用

以合成氨为例,运用建立数学模型的方法,确定真实气体化学反应中平衡常数与温度、压力的定量关系,从而有效地计算出真实气体化学反应平衡组成。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.