蚯蚓与凋落物对杨树人工林土壤酶活性的影响

【目的】揭示接种蚯蚓和施用凋落物对杨树人工林土壤主要酶活性的影响,正确评价蚯蚓和凋落物在杨树人工林生态系统土壤养分循环中的作用,以促进其生产力长期维持及生态服务功能提升,为优化杨树人工林经营管理提供依据。【方法】以江苏省东台林场20年生杨树人工林为试验对象,采用随机区组试验设计,共设置杨树凋落叶表施(T1)、杨树凋落叶混施(T2)、接种蚯蚓(T3)、杨树凋落叶表施+接种蚯蚓(T4)、杨树凋落叶混施+接种蚯蚓(T5)共5种不同试验处理及不做处理为对照(CK),测定分析不同处理下土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶及纤维素酶活性的变化,及土壤微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮含量、容重、pH、总有机碳含量、全氮含量等重要土壤环境因子的变化。【结果】①与CK相比,T3、T4、T5处理显著提升了土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶活性,土壤蔗糖酶活性平均增幅分别为30.85%、34.58%、50.90%,土壤脲酶活性平均增幅分别为27.57%、33.67%、66.64%。②与CK相比,5种处理均显著提升了土壤纤维素酶活性,平均增幅分别为38.39%、51.79%、79.91%、129.33%、149.52%。③与CK相比,T1、T2处理显著降低了土壤过氧化氢酶活性,平均降幅分别为13.23%、17.56%,T3、T4、T5处理与CK相比没有显著性差异。④季节动态分析表明,土壤蔗糖酶活性9月最高,为0.77 mg/(g·d);3月最低,为0.40 mg/(g·d)。土壤脲酶活性夏秋季较高,为10.57 mg/(g·d);冬春季较低,为5.61 mg/(g·d)。土壤过氧化氢酶活性6月最高,为4.20 mg/(g·h);其他季节较低,为2.22 mg/(g·h)。土壤纤维素酶活性夏秋季较高,为6.93 mg/(g·d);冬春季较低,为2.36 mg/(g·d)。与CK相比,接种蚯蚓及添加凋落物处理没有改变4种土壤酶活性的季节性变化规律。⑤重复测量方差分析表明,季节变化和试验处理均显著影响了土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、纤维素酶和过氧化氢酶活性,其中季节变化和试验处理对土壤过氧化氢酶活性的影响具有显著性交互作用,而对土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和纤维素酶活性的影响没有显著性交互作用。⑥相关分析表明,土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶及纤维素酶活性与土壤容重、pH呈显著负相关,与土壤全氮、总有机碳、微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮含量、微生物生物量碳氮比呈显著正相关;土壤过氧化氢酶活性则与上述各环境因子相关性不显著。【结论】接种蚯蚓能够显著提高杨树人工林土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和纤维素酶活性,凋落物混施比表施更有利于促进接种蚯蚓对杨树人工林土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和纤维素酶活性的影响;凋落物混施和接种蚯蚓处理均显著提升了土壤酶评价指数,凋落物混施+接种蚯蚓处理进一步提升了土壤酶指数。因此,在农林业生产中可考虑将凋落物混施与接种蚯蚓经营措施结合应用。     

凋落物及根系输入变化对喀斯特地区檵木土壤养分和胞外酶的影响

凋落物输入变化能改变土壤的理化性质，显著影响土壤碳氮磷养分含量和胞外酶活性，引起胞外酶活性化学计量特征的变化。为进一步明确喀斯特地区凋落物输入变化对土壤养分含量、胞外酶活性及其化学计量的影响，并探究胞外酶与环境因子间的生态响应规律，本文以喀斯特地区檵木老龄林土壤为研究对象，布设凋落物添加和去除试验，通过对土壤养分及胞外酶活性的测定，运用生态化学计量学理论与方法，系统研究土壤中6种胞外水解酶(β-1,4-葡糖苷酶(BG)、β-1,4-木糖苷酶(BX)、纤维素水解酶(CBH)、β-1,4-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)、酸性磷酸酶(AP))和2种胞外氧化酶(过氧化氢酶(CAT)、多酚氧化酶(PPO))活性及其化学计量的影响，并分析它们与土壤环境因子之间的相关性。结果表明：1)与对照(CK)相比，土壤SOC、TN含量在凋落物添加下具有显著性变化，去除凋落物根系(ABR)和双倍凋落物添加(AD)处理的土壤C∶N值显著增大；2)过氧化氢酶活性CK处理下最高，且与其他处理具有显著性差异；多酚氧化酶活性ABR处理最高，且与AD和BR处理差异性显著；土壤胞外酶活性的矢量角度小于...     

去除和添加凋落物对马尾松×红锥混交林土壤呼吸的影响

为探讨凋落物输入量改变对马尾松×红锥混交林碳排放的影响,以马尾松×红锥异龄混交林为研究对象,通过添加和去除凋落物人为地改变碳输入,研究凋落物处理方式对土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明:(1)去除凋落物可降低土壤湿度、提高土壤温度,而添加凋落物则提高土壤湿度、降低土壤温度。去除凋落物使土壤年均呼吸速率显著降低27.88%,而添加凋落物则使土壤年均呼吸速率显著增加34.02%。(2)去除凋落物能降低四季的土壤呼吸累积排放量,而添加凋落物则提高四季的土壤呼吸累积排放量。对照、去除和添加凋落物的土壤呼吸的年累积排放量(以C计)分别为(9.51±0.12) t·hm~(-2)、(6.88±0.21) t·hm~(-2)和(12.70±0.53) t·hm~(-2),可见去除凋落物使土壤呼吸年累积排放量降低27.66%,而添加凋落物使土壤呼吸年累积排放量提高33.54%。(3)不同凋落物处理方式下土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度均呈显著相关,土壤温度解释了土壤呼吸速率变异程度的74.26%～94.28%。去除凋落物增加了土壤呼吸温度敏感性系数Q10值,而添加凋落物则降低Q10值。凋落物处理方式对马尾松×红锥异龄混交林土壤呼吸产生了显著影响,证明凋落物对于改变森林生态系统土壤呼吸和碳循环具有重要作用。     

内生真菌对杉木人工林下土壤酶活性的影响

通过筛选能够提高土壤酶活性的菌株及添加方式,探讨内生真菌对杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林下土壤酶活性的影响,以促进叶凋落物分解.采用3株杉木内生真菌青霉菌(Penicillium sp.)CG2 (A菌)、黄色镰刀菌(Fusarium culmorum)AY13(B菌)、踝节霉菌(Talaromyces sp.)AJ14(C菌)的单菌株和混菌株,按不同方式(菌丝、菌液)浇施于装有杉木凋落叶和土壤的盆钵内,在处理10,60,120d后分别取样,测定土壤酶活性和凋落叶质量的变化情况.结果表明:多酚氧化酶活性在混菌丝处理下始终保持在较高水平,菌丝和菌液处理均提高了脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性,蔗糖酶活性前期(10d)高于后期(120d).C菌液处理下(120d)纤维素酶、木质素过氧化物酶和酸性磷酸酶活性均最高,与对照存在显著差异(p0.05),分别比对照高56.46%,43.97%和163.65%;BC混菌丝处理下(120d)多酚氧化酶活性最高,比对照高36.75%(p0.05);AB混菌丝处理下(10d)蔗糖酶活性最高,比对照高162.90%(p0.05);AC混菌液处理下(120d)脲酶活性最高,比对照高69.78%(p0.05).凋落叶质量损失率与纤维素酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、木质素过氧化物酶以及混菌处理的多酚氧化酶活性变化趋势相同,菌株种类、添加方式、分解时间及其交互作用对酶活性有显著影响.综上所述,C菌液能最有效地提高纤维素酶、木质素过氧化物酶和酸性磷酸酶活性,BC和AB混菌丝分别对提高多酚氧化酶和蔗糖酶活性最有效,AC混菌液则能最有效地提高脲酶活性.     

露天矿区人工林凋落物的木质纤维素酶活性和真菌多样性研究

使用传统酶学分析方法与分子生物学PCR-DGGE方法相结合,对安太堡露天矿区复垦地人工林凋落物的木质纤维素酶活性和真菌菌群的多样性进行了研究。结果表明,沙棘-刺槐-柠条-沙枣混交林下凋落物的锰过氧化物酶、羧甲基纤维素酶和滤纸酶的活性最高,青杄-白杄混交林凋落物的漆酶活性最高,不同组成的凋落物附生真菌群落多样性差异明显,真菌群落结构发生了显著变化。     

多菌灵对新疆灰漠土壤中六种酶活性的影响

采用室内模拟的方法研究5种浓度多菌灵（0、2．5、5．0、10．0和20．0mg·kg^-1干土）对土壤中纤维素酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶活性的影响。结果表明：土壤纤维素酶活性随多菌灵浓度的增加（2．5～20．0mg·kg^-1）而升高;多菌灵对脲酶也有显著的激活作用,其中10mg·kg^-1多菌灵处理对脲酶的激活率最高。多菌灵对土壤碱性磷酸酶和蛋白酶活性的影响随多菌灵处理浓度和时间变化而变化。多菌灵处理5d内,土壤蔗糖酶活性显著降低,且抑制率与多菌灵浓度呈正相关,土壤过氧化氢酶活性受多菌灵抑制作用显著,尤其是在多菌灵处理26d以后,土壤过氧化氢酶活性随多菌灵浓度的增加显著降低。因此,可以用蔗糖酶活性来评价多菌灵施用后1～5d在土壤中的残留情况,以过氧化氢酶活性来评价多菌灵施用后26～47d在土壤中的残留情况。     

凋落物和根系去除对土壤N2O排放的影响——整合分析

基于全球范围内开展的凋落物去除和根系去除实验,获取61对土壤N₂O排放数据,通过整合分析方法,定量地评估去除凋落物和根系对土壤N₂O排放的影响与调控因素。结果表明,去除凋落物处理后,土壤N₂O排放显著降低(-16.5%);去除根系处理后,土壤N₂O排放显著增加(+131.6%)。凋落物和根系去除情况下,N₂O排放的变化与土壤水分和硝态氮含量的变化具有显著的正相关关系,表明土壤水分和硝态氮含量的变化是土壤N₂O排放响应植物输入降低的主要调控因素。研究结果揭示了凋落物去除和根系去除对土壤N₂O排放的影响与调控因素,有利于理解未来全球变化背景下植物输入的改变如何影响土壤N₂O的排放。     

锰及锰镉复合污染对锰矿区茶园土壤酶活性的影响

研究广西八一锰矿恢复区茶园土壤重金属(锰、镉)污染浓度与酶活性的关系,并分析锰离子单一处理和锰镉复合处理条件下土壤酶活性的变化情况.结果表明,锰单一污染与锰镉复合污染对土壤酶活性产生的影响有所不同.锰单一污染对锰矿区土壤酶活性的抑制效应顺序为:过氧化氢酶＞蔗糖酶＞脲酶;锰镉复合污染对锰矿区土壤酶活性的抑制效应顺序为:蔗糖酶＞过氧化氢酶＞脲酶.其中,锰镉复合污染对蔗糖酶表现出协同抑制负效应的特征,对过氧化氢酶和脲酶则表现出不同程度的拮抗作用.建议以过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶的活性作为评价和预测锰矿恢复区茶园土壤锰镉污染状况的敏感指标.     

生物覆盖对银杏用材林土壤酶活性的影响

生物覆盖是改善土壤性质和提高作物产量的一种重要土壤管理措施。笔者以东台林场银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)用材林地为研究对象,采用随机区组试验设计,研究了覆盖材料(小麦秸秆、稻草秸秆和玉米秸秆)和覆盖量(2、4和6 kg/m2玉米秸秆)对表层土壤(0~10 cm)中脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性的影响。结果表明:3种生物覆盖材料均不同程度地提高了土壤中脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶的活性,以玉米秸秆和稻草秸秆覆盖效果较好。玉米秸秆覆盖量也显著影响了4种土壤酶的活性,总体来说覆盖量越大酶活性越强。土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶的活性与一年中的气候变化有关,随着土壤温度的升高而提高,7月份酶活性均达到最高,而土壤过氧化氢酶与其他3种酶相比,受温度的影响相对较小,10月份酶活性最大。因此,生物覆盖显著增加了银杏用材林土壤中脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶的活性,可用于提高银杏用材林地土壤的熟化程度和肥力水平。     

冻融交替下高山土壤微生物和矿质氮库对外源氮输入的响应

[目的]研究外源氮输入和冻融交替对高山土壤生态的影响.[方法]采集青藏高原东缘高山土壤,在室内模拟不同水平外源氪输入(CK:不添加外源氮,N1:添加0.1 mg·g-1外源氮,N2:添加0.4 mg· g-1外源氮)和不同变温幅度冻融(剧烈冻融:温度变化范围为-20～2℃,温和冻融:温度变化范围为-2～2℃,持续冻结:温度保持为-2℃)处理,分析它们对土壤微生物和矿质氮库的影响.[结果]外源氮输入水平对土壤真菌数量无明显的影响,但明显增加了细菌数量和提高了过氧化氢酶和纤维素酶的活性.N2处理下过氧化氢酶和纤维素酶活性最高,分别为20,4 mg· kg-1·h-1.不同变温幅度的冻融处理也对过氧化氢酶和纤维素酶的活性有明显的影响:剧烈冻融处理下两种酶活性分别高达21,4.3mg·kg-1 ·h-1,持续冻结处理下两种酶活性分别低至16,3.1mg·kg-1 ·h-1.随着冻融的加剧和外源氮输入水平的提高,土壤中微生物生物量碳无明显的变化,微生物生物量氮则明显增加.剧烈冻融和N2处理组合下土壤微生物生物量氮质量分数最高,达516.69 mg·kg-1.[结论]未来氮沉降和气候变化带来的冻融交替的改变均会对青藏高原东缘高山土壤微生物群落和活性以及矿质氮库产生影响,由此对当地植物生长和布局带来实质性改变.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.