Ser10磷酸化的组蛋白H3和微管蛋白在小麦根尖细胞有丝分裂过程中的动态分布

利用间接免疫萎光标记技术研究Ser10磷酸化的组蛋白H3和微管蛋白在小麦根尖细胞中有丝分裂过程中的动态分布情况.结果显示在小麦根尖细胞有丝分裂过程中Ser10磷酸化的组蛋白H3的出现和消失与染色体的凝集和解凝集的过程存在时空上的相关性,在有丝分裂的过程中这种蛋白在着经线粒上的定位有有助于染色体向两极移动.研究结果还表明,在有丝分裂过程中,微管蛋白发生了重组,成束的垂直排列在赤道板的两侧,协助细胞有丝分裂过程的顺利完成.     

Thr3磷酸化的组蛋白H3在MCF-7细胞有丝分裂中的时空分布

利用SDS-PAGE和Western blotting证明了MCF-7细胞中组蛋白H3 Thr 3磷酸化是有丝分裂期特异性的.间接免疫荧光标记和激光共聚焦显微镜显示H3 Thr 3磷酸化起始于MCF-7细胞早前期的整个核中.事实表明,这种整体性的磷酸化是有丝分裂期间染色体整体性的变构凝集所必需的.中期,以点状分布的Th...     

博来霉素对肝癌细胞DNA损伤以及H2AX相互作用蛋白的影响

组蛋白H2AX是DNA损伤修复反应中的关键蛋白,磷酸化的H2AX可以作为DNA损伤早期检测的金标准.实验通过检测磷酸化H2AX的改变来研究博来霉素对肝癌细胞和正常肝细胞DNA损伤作用的差异,推测肿瘤细胞抗药性可能是通过H2AX磷酸化来介导的.利用免疫共沉淀的方法,对博来霉素刺激下肝癌细胞中的H2AX复合物进行了免疫印迹...     

组蛋白修饰分布特征及其相关性

利用H1(人类胚胎干细胞)和IMR90(人类胚肺成纤维细胞)两种细胞系的H3K9ac、H3K27ac、H3K4me1、H3K4me3、H3K9me3、H3K27me3、H3K36me3七种组蛋白修饰的ChIP-seq数据,统计了两细胞系中基因组及各功能区域(外显子、内含子、启动子)组蛋白修饰分布密度,计算了分布的相关性,讨论了H1和IMR90两个细胞系组蛋白修饰变化特征,为阐明组蛋白修饰在细胞生长、分化过程中的重要作用提供了一定的基础.     

小鼠与人类四个细胞系组蛋白修饰差异分析

小鼠是一种重要的模式生物,在细胞结构、解剖形态上都与人类相似.为了了解小鼠和人类细胞在组蛋白修饰方面的异同,统计了人类H1-hesc、K562及小鼠ES-bruce4、MEL四个细胞系的七种重要的组蛋白修饰在不同功能区域的分布,并分析比较在TSS附近组蛋白修饰与基因表达的相关性及高低表达基因组蛋白修饰之间相关性的异同.结果表明组蛋白修饰H3K27me3在小鼠和人类细胞的高低表达基因不同功能区域上分布不同;小鼠的组蛋白修饰与RPKM的Pearson相关性要比人类的相关性高,且小鼠无负相关,但人类有负相关.在高表达基因中,人类两种细胞组蛋白修饰之间相互关系相似,小鼠两种细胞组蛋白修饰之间相互关系相似.小鼠和人类细胞在组蛋白修饰方面有所不同,这些结果对相关问题的进一步研究有一定意义.     

杨树黑斑病菌Marssonina brunnea的有丝分裂过程和染色体数观察(英文)

利用芽管萌发技术(GTBM)对杨树黑斑病菌Marssonina brunnea分生孢子萌发过程中的有丝分裂过程进行了观察,M.brunnea的有丝分裂过程可以分为4个时期:前期染色质逐渐浓缩变短,中期可清楚观察得到染色体,后期姐妹染色单体发生分离并分别向两极移动,末期则可见子核的形成。另外,利用DAPI、DAPI/PI和Giemsa 3种不同的染色方法对染色体进行观察比较,结果表明:Giemsa染色法最适用于M.brunnea;在M.brunnea有丝分裂中期可清楚观察到3条染色体。结合3种染色法,比较分析染色体的绝对值大小和相对值大小,其中相对值大小更加清晰和稳定地描述不同染色体间的变化。     

BLAP75蛋白在细胞有丝分裂期中的磷酸化研究

BLAP75为分子量75kDa的一个维持基因组稳定性的重要蛋白,但是其在细胞有丝分裂期中的分子调控机制尚不清楚.运用Western印迹和细胞有丝分裂期细胞同步化技术,检测BLAP75蛋白在细胞有丝分裂期的变化,以及采用蛋白磷酸酶反应和基因定点突变技术来确定BLAP75蛋白的磷酸化位点.研究发现,当细胞处于有丝分裂期时,BLAP75蛋白会受到翻译后磷酸化修饰,位于BLAP75蛋白中部的第284位丝氨酸和第292位丝氨酸是其磷酸化位点.     

核仁蛋白RRP15在细胞有丝分裂期的表达与定位

为了明确核糖体RNA加工蛋白15(RRP15)在细胞周期不同时期的表达情况与亚细胞定位,以稳定表达GFP-RRP15的He La细胞为实验材料,利用细胞同步化以及蛋白免疫印迹方法研究RRP15在细胞周期不同时期的表达情况,利用细胞免疫荧光染色以及活细胞成像检测RRP15在有丝分裂期的亚细胞定位,利用染色体提取探究RRP15与有丝分裂期细胞染色体的关系.结果发现,RRP15在整个细胞周期中均有稳定表达,且在G1期表达微量上调;在有丝分裂期,RRP15定位于染色体外周和中小体,始终伴随染色体,且染色体外周定位不依赖于DNA.     

减数分裂型黏连蛋白亚基SMC1β和STAG3在染色体运动中的功能启动时期研究

维持姐妹染色单体的黏着是保证染色体正确附着在纺锤体上,从而实现正确分离的关键。黏连蛋白在有丝分裂和减数分裂过程中对染色体结构和染色体分离具有重要作用。在迄今为止发现的四种减数分裂型黏连蛋白亚基RAD 21L、REC8、SMC1β和STAG3中,RAD 21L是具有配对同源染色体的主导蛋白质,在减数分裂前细线期同源染色体配对的启动过程中起着中心作用。为揭示SMC1β和STAG3在减数分裂期染色体运动中的作用起始点,观察了异位表达蛋白在体细胞中对染色体运动的影响。结果显示:与对照(未转染)细胞相比,异位表达的GFP标记SMC1β或STAG3对两个FISH荧光信号之间的距离没有显著影响,这两个FISH荧光信号代表核内一对X染色体或一对11染色体。研究结果表明:至少在减数分裂期同源染色体配对过程开始之前,SMC1β或STAG3都不履行各自的功能。     

台湾桤木无丝分裂与细胞多核现象研究

利用去壁低渗-火焰干燥法在台湾桤木根尖细胞中观察到除有丝分裂外,还存在无丝分裂和细胞多核现象.在进行无丝分裂的根尖细胞核中,不发生染色质凝集,不形成可见的染色体,整个过程中核膜保持完整.其无丝分裂产生形状、大小相似的子核,形成了不同类型的多核细胞.     

钙调素对肿瘤细胞周期的调节作用

利用钙调素拮抗剂三氟拉嗪(TFP)研究了钙调素对HeLa细胞周期进程的影响,TFP处理的细胞被阻抑在G_1/S,使S期群体及DNA合成下降,G_2期群体增加.有丝分裂(M)前期细胞减少,中期细胞增加.结果表明钙调素对G_1至S期.G_2至M期和M中期至M后期具有调节作用,钙调素通过细胞周期中上述3个位点对肿瘤细胞增殖进行调节.     

三极细胞有丝分裂中期纺锤体的激光共聚焦显微镜观察

用松胞素 Ｂ（ Ｃｙｔｏｃｈａｌａｓｉｎ Ｂ, Ｃ Ｂ）处理培养的 Ｈｅｌａ 细胞,抑制胞质分裂,引起 Ｈｅｌａ 细胞发生不正常分裂,可形成多极细胞（三极、四极等）．通过荧光免疫染色法显示多极细胞有丝分裂中期的微管,使用激光共聚焦显微系统观察三极细胞纺锤体和中期染色体的空间相对关系,推测了纺锤体微管的分布与有丝分裂后期染色体分离的相关性．本方法还可用于研究有丝分裂期纺锤体微管对胞质分裂分裂沟形成的影响．     

Histone H3 serine 10 phosphorylation by Aurora B causes HP1 dissociation from heterochromatin

Histones are subject to numerous post-translational modifications. Some of these 'epigenetic' marks recruit proteins that modulate chromatin structure. For example, heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) binds to histone H3 when its lysine 9 residue has been tri-methylated by the methyltransferase Suv39h (refs 2-6). During mitosis, H3 is also phosphorylated by the kinase Aurora B. Although H3 phosphorylation is a hallmark of mitosis, its function remains mysterious. It has been proposed that histone phosphorylation controls the binding of proteins to chromatin, but any such mechanisms are unknown. Here we show that antibodies against mitotic chromosomal antigens that are associated with human autoimmune diseases specifically recognize H3 molecules that are modified by both tri-methylation of lysine 9 and phosphorylation of serine 10 (H3K9me3S10ph). The generation of H3K9me3S10ph depends on Suv39h and Aurora B, and occurs at pericentric heterochromatin during mitosis in different eukaryotes. Most HP1 typically dissociates from chromosomes during mitosis, but if phosphorylation of H3 serine 10 is inhibited, HP1 remains chromosome-bound throughout mitosis. H3 phosphorylation by Aurora B is therefore part of a 'methyl/phos switch' mechanism that displaces HP1 and perhaps other proteins from mitotic heterochromatin.     

Condensin association with histone H2A shapes mitotic chromosomes

Chromosome structure is dynamically regulated during cell division, and this regulation is dependent, in part, on condensin. The localization of condensin at chromosome arms is crucial for chromosome partitioning during anaphase. Condensin is also enriched at kinetochores but its precise role and loading machinery remain unclear. Here we show that fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) kinetochore proteins Pcs1 and Mde4--homologues of budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) monopolin subunits and known to prevent merotelic kinetochore orientation--act as a condensin 'recruiter' at kinetochores, and that condensin itself may act to clamp microtubule binding sites during metaphase. In addition to the regional recruitment factors, overall condensin association with chromatin is governed by the chromosomal passenger kinase Aurora B. Aurora-B-dependent phosphorylation of condensin promotes its association with histone H2A and H2A.Z, which we identify as conserved chromatin 'receptors' of condensin. Condensin phosphorylation and its deposition onto chromosome arms reach a peak during anaphase, when Aurora B kinase relocates from centromeres to the spindle midzone, where the separating chromosome arms are positioned. Our results elucidate the molecular basis for the spatiotemporal regulation of mitotic chromosome architecture, which is crucial for chromosome partitioning.     

The Rae1-Nup98 complex prevents aneuploidy by inhibiting securin degradation

Cdc20 and Cdh1 are the activating subunits of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC), an E3 ubiquitin ligase that drives cells into anaphase by inducing degradation of cyclin B and the anaphase inhibitor securin. To prevent chromosome missegregation, APC activity directed against these mitotic regulators must be inhibited until all chromosomes are properly attached to the mitotic spindle. Here we show that in mitosis timely destruction of securin by APC is regulated by the nucleocytoplasmic transport factors Rae1 and Nup98. We show that combined Rae1 and Nup98 haploinsufficiency in mice results in premature separation of sister chromatids, severe aneuploidy and untimely degradation of securin. We find that Rae1 and Nup98 form a complex with Cdh1-activated APC (APC(Cdh1)) in early mitosis and specifically inhibit APC(Cdh1)-mediated ubiquitination of securin. Dissociation of Rae1 and Nup98 from APC(Cdh1) coincides with the release of the mitotic checkpoint protein BubR1 from Cdc20-activated APC (APC(Cdc20)) at the metaphase to anaphase transition. Together, our results suggest that Rae1 and Nup98 are temporal regulators of APC(Cdh1) that maintain euploidy by preventing unscheduled degradation of securin.     

Cell cycle regulation of central spindle assembly

The bipolar mitotic spindle is responsible for segregating sister chromatids at anaphase. Microtubule motor proteins generate spindle bipolarity and enable the spindle to perform mechanical work. A major change in spindle architecture occurs at anaphase onset when central spindle assembly begins. This structure regulates the initiation of cytokinesis and is essential for its completion. Central spindle assembly requires the centralspindlin complex composed of the Caenorhabditis elegans ZEN-4 (mammalian orthologue MKLP1) kinesin-like protein and the Rho family GAP CYK-4 (MgcRacGAP). Here we describe a regulatory mechanism that controls the timing of central spindle assembly. The mitotic kinase Cdk1/cyclin B phosphorylates the motor domain of ZEN-4 on a conserved site within a basic amino-terminal extension characteristic of the MKLP1 subfamily. Phosphorylation by Cdk1 diminishes the motor activity of ZEN-4 by reducing its affinity for microtubules. Preventing Cdk1 phosphorylation of ZEN-4/MKLP1 causes enhanced metaphase spindle localization and defects in chromosome segregation. Thus, phosphoregulation of the motor domain of MKLP1 kinesin ensures that central spindle assembly occurs at the appropriate time in the cell cycle and maintains genomic stability.     

The reversibility of mitotic exit in vertebrate cells

A guiding hypothesis for cell-cycle regulation asserts that regulated proteolysis constrains the directionality of certain cell-cycle transitions. Here we test this hypothesis for mitotic exit, which is regulated by degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) activator, cyclin B. Application of chemical Cdk1 inhibitors to cells in mitosis induces cytokinesis and other normal aspects of mitotic exit, including cyclin B degradation. However, chromatid segregation fails, resulting in entrapment of chromatin in the midbody. If cyclin B degradation is blocked with a proteasome inhibitor or by expression of non-degradable cyclin B, Cdk inhibitors will nonetheless induce mitotic exit and cytokinesis. However, if after mitotic exit, the Cdk1 inhibitor is washed free from cells in which cyclin B degradation is blocked, the cells can revert back to M phase. This reversal is characterized by chromosome recondensation, nuclear envelope breakdown, assembly of microtubules into a mitotic spindle, and in most cases, dissolution of the midbody, reopening of the cleavage furrow, and realignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate. These findings demonstrate that proteasome-dependent degradation of cyclin B provides directionality for the M phase to G1 transition.     

Phosphorylation of non-muscle caldesmon by p34cdc2 kinase during mitosis

One of the profound changes in cellular morphology which occurs during mitosis is a massive alteration in the organization of the microfilament cytoskeleton. This change, together with other mitotic events including nuclear membrane breakdown, chromosome condensation and formation of mitotic spindles, is induced by a molecular complex called maturation promoting factor. This consists of at least two subunits, a polypeptide of relative molecular mass 45,000-62,000 (Mr 45-62K) known as cyclin, and a 34K catalytic subunit which has serine/threonine kinase activity and is known as cdc2 kinase. Non-muscle caldesmon, an 83K actin- and calmodulin-binding protein, is dissociated from microfilaments during mitosis, apparently as a consequence of mitosis-specific phosphorylation. We now report that cdc2 kinase phosphorylates caldesmon in vitro principally at the same sites as those phosphorylated in vivo during mitosis, and that phosphorylation reduces the binding affinity of caldesmon for both actin and calmodulin. Because caldesmon inhibits actomyosin ATPase, our results suggest that cdc2 kinase directly causes microfilament reorganization during mitosis.