鄂尔多斯盆地超低渗透油层开发特征

鄂尔多斯盆地长8、长6超低渗储层石油资源潜力巨大,开发难度大.该类储层物性差,非均质性强.通过室内实验与现场试验研究,探讨了超低渗开发面临的主要问题:孔喉细小、孔隙结构复杂,排驱压力大;可动流体饱和度低;启动压力梯度大;应力敏感性强;非达西渗流特征明显;注水启动压力高,视吸水指数低,地层压力保持水平低,难以建立有效压力系统.由于传导能力差,注入水主要集中在井眼附近,使得地层压力增大,渗透率升高.生产特征是产量递减快、压力下降快,压力下降导致储层骨架发生塑性变形而造成孔隙减小、渗透率降低.     

双重介质非饱和两相流岩体热流固损伤模型研究

本文以孔隙-裂缝双重孔隙介质为研究对象,建立孔隙度与岩体应变数学模型和温度场诱导应力模型。基于Terzaghi有效应力原理,建立注水开采过程温度-流体-岩石骨架的应力分布模型。考虑注水压力和注水温度场应力导致的岩体孔隙-裂隙的变形、成核和增长,采用应变孔隙度定义损伤变量,建立了以Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman圆柱体胞模型为塑性屈服函数的双重孔隙介质饱和热流固损伤本构模型。以某1口生产井为研究对象,通过有限元软件数值模拟得到：温度场诱导应力、注水压力诱导应力和岩石应力分布规律;应力与损伤变量、应变孔隙度演化规律。新模型对油田注水开采过程中储层孔隙和裂缝的变化提供了新的研究方法和理论依据。     

地层孔隙压力变化对井壁稳定性的影响研究

受长期注采工程作业的影响,地层孔隙压力将发生大幅度波动,从而导致地层的岩石强度、地应力相对开采初期已发生较大变化,且横向分布更为复杂,进而诱发、加剧井壁失稳,井下复杂状况频发。理论与实验相结合研究了孔隙压力变化对砂岩地层岩石强度及地层坍塌压力的影响,结果表明：（1）岩石强度与地层孔隙压力呈负相关,随地层孔隙压力增大,地层岩石强度、弹性模量呈线性递减;（2）地层孔隙压力变化将影响调整井的井壁稳定状态,压裂、注水、注聚等工程作业导致井周地层孔隙压力增大,将加剧井眼失稳;而在一定限度内,油气的压力衰减式开采将降低地层坍塌压力,利于井眼保持稳定。     

奥陶系地层压力剖面预测新方法研究

利用欠平衡钻井能及时发现并保护油气藏,其关键是要准确预测地层压力剖面。根据井壁失稳力学机理,分析地应力、地层孔隙压力、拖拽力和温度对井壁应力分布影响,建立欠平衡钻井的井壁力学模型;利用Boit理论及室内实验,建立奥陶系地层孔隙压力模型。研究结果表明:有效应力与体积弹性模量呈指数关系;拖拽力和温度对井壁应力分布的影响不可忽略。对奥陶系地层进行压力预测,经现场验证,该预测结果对现场施工具有很好的指导意义。     

基于温度与压力双重作用的致密储层渗透率定量评价模型

为了建立油气开采过程中,储层渗透率随温度、孔隙压力变化而改变的定量评价模型,假定岩石仅产生弹性变形,根据多孔介质弹性力学理论,推导出岩石孔隙体积和尺寸的应力-应变关系;再应用管流模拟渗流,根据Kozeny-Carman方程得到渗透率随温度、孔隙压力变化的定量计算模型.针对常规渗透率测试存在的问题,改进实验方法,模拟真实储层温度压力条件,开展了岩心力学和渗透率同步实验.研究结果表明,模型计算的渗透率损失与实验测试结果吻和良好.模型适用于裂缝不发育的致密岩石在弹性变形范围内的渗透率定量计算.随着油气采出,孔隙压力下降,导致渗透率减小,而地层温度降低,导致渗透率增大,这两方面对渗透率的影响具有相互抵消的作用.因此,由于温度、孔隙压力变化引起的储层岩石渗透率总体变化很小,一般不超过±2％.     

基于数值模拟的套管受力单因素分析

套管损坏一直是油田开发过程中的棘手难题,对套管受力及影响因素进行研究对保证套管安全具有重要意 义。考虑开发过程中储层渗流场与应力场的耦合作用,基于流固耦合理论,建立了套管水泥环围岩组合体系 的数学力学模型,根据单因素理论,通过数值模拟,揭示了套管的径向挤压力随注水压力、套管参数、地层参数和地应 力的变化规律：套管的径向挤压力随注水压力、套管壁厚、地层泊松比、弹性模量的增大而减小;随着套管弹性模量、 直径、地层渗透系数、地应力的增大而增大。研究成果将为油田套管保护和预防套损提供理论指导。     

气田高压注水过程中井身应力分布特征的流-固耦合分析

套管对于维持井壁稳定有十分重要的作用。但是在高压注水井中,日益严重的油田套管损坏现象使得套管损坏机理研究已经成为当前油气田注水急需解决的问题。以四川盆地中部气田水回注井的井筒为分析对象,建立了考虑注水压力、岩石孔隙压力及三维地应力的仿真模型,将井筒分解为由地层、水泥环、套管和射孔段组成的整体系统,在不同注水压力条件下,分别对套管、水泥环、地层岩石的应力场分布进行了流-固耦合体的有限元模拟计算。根据计算结果,可分析各组成部份的应力变化特征,从而得出注水井的安全注入压力,对于防止套损及水泥环、地层破裂现象具有重要指导意义。     

论构造应力不是油气初次运移的主要动力

油气初次运移是一个尚未完全解决的学术难题。石油地质学界认为,构造应力是油气初次运移的主要动力之一,笔者对该观点进行了质疑。根据有效应力理论和弹性力学理论,分析了构造应力对孔隙压力的影响,建立了孔隙压力增量的计算模型以及孔隙压力释放驱动油气运移尺度的计算模型。结果表明,相同构造应力条件下,烃源岩的孔隙压力增量主要受杨氏模量影响,杨氏模量越大,孔隙压力增量越小;构造应力导致的孔隙压力增量一般不会超过60 MPa;孔隙压力释放只需要排出少量地层流体即可,驱动油气运移的距离很短,相对于烃源岩厚度几乎可以忽略不计;构造应力对油气初次运移的影响十分微弱,不可能是初次运移的主要动力。     

基于地应力场的复压造新缝力学条件

重复压裂裂缝的延伸轨迹主要受地层应力场的控制,对于重复压裂地层当前应力场是决定裂缝起裂和延伸的关键条件.本文建立了原始地应力场、初次裂缝诱导应力场、孔隙压力诱导应力场模型,并运用叠加原理,建立重复压裂应力场,给出了裂缝转向的力学条件,通过对实际井的计算得出裂缝的周围应力场分布和裂缝的延伸轨迹.     

基于有限元建模技术确定注水井安全注入压力

针对气田水回注过程中,注入压力过高容易诱发套管损坏、水泥环破裂、注入水窜漏等安全、环保问题,开展了气田水回注安全注入压力计算方法研究。通过对注水过程中套管、井壁水泥环和地层受力分析,结合岩石力学实验获得的弹性模量、泊松比、抗压强度等力学参数,利用有限元法,建立考虑流固耦合的注水井有限元模型,模拟注水条件下套管、水泥环与地层的应力分布,综合确定注水井理论安全注入压力;该方法在四川盆地川中地区气田水回注井生产管理中得到了应用,可以为回注井规划部署提供重要依据。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

Perspherical Approaches for Electrons in Atoms and Charged Excitons in Quantum Wells

Instead of following Fock’s expansion,we solve the Schrodinger equation for some quantum mechanical manybody systems such as electrons in atoms and charged excitons in quantum wells in a similar way in hyperspherical coordinates by expanding the wave functions into orthonormal complete basis sets of the hyperspherical hannonics(HHs)of hyperangles and generalized Laguerre polynomials(GLPs)of the hyperradius.This leads the equation to     

Advances in broadband wireless communications under high-mobility scenarios

Future mobile communication systems aim at providing very high data transmission rates, even in high-mobility scenarios such as high-speed wheel-track trains, maglev trains, highway vehicles, airplanes, guided missiles or spacecraft. A particularly important commercial application is the strong and increasing worldwide demand for high- speed broadband wireless communications （up to 574.8 km/ h test speeds or 380 km/h commercial speeds） in railways, providing data, voice and video services for applications such as onboard entertainment services to passengers, train control, train dispatch, train sensor status handling and sur- veillance. In such high-mobility scenarios, there are a number of communication challenges, including fast hand- over, location updating, high-speed channel modeling, estimation and equalization, anti-Doppler spreading tech- niques, fast power control, and dedicated network architec- ture. Because signal transmission in very high-speed scenarios will inevitably experience serious deterioration, it is imperative to develop key broadband mobile communi- cation techniques for such high-speed vehicles.     

Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences TOTAL CONTENTS

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海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Scale-based spatial data model for GIS

Being the primary media of geographical information and the elementary objects manipulated, almost all of maps adopt the layer-based model to represent geographic information in the existent GIS. However, it is difficult to extend the map represented in layer-based model. Furthermore, in Web-Based GIS, It is slow to transmit the spatial data for map viewing. In this paper, for solving the questions above, we have proposed a new method for representing the spatial data. That is scale-based model. In this model we represent maps in three levels: scale-view, block, and spatial object, and organize the maps in a set of map layers, named Scale-View, which associates some given scales.Lastly, a prototype Web-Based GIS using the proposed spatial data representation is described briefly.     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to