Role of Notch expression in premature senescence of murine bone marrow stromal cells

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of the Notch signaling pathway in premature senescence of murine bone marrow stromal cells in vitro. The intracellular domain of Notch 1 (ICN) was transfected into cultured murine bone marrow stromal cells by lipofectamine transfection. After three days, the proliferation of transfected cells was measured by MTT assay. Cell cycle distribution was analyzed by flow cytometry. Senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-gal) was measured, and the percentage of positive cells was evaluated by assessing 1000 cells in random fields of view. The expressions of p53 and p21Cip1/Waf1 were analyzed by both RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. The results showed that activation of Notch signaling inhibited proliferation of murine bone marrow stromal cells with induction of G1 arrest, increased the percentage of SA-beta-gal positive cells, and upregulated p53 and p21Cip1/Waf1 mRNA and protein expression levels. Thus, the activated Notch signaling could induce premature senescence of bone marrow stromal cells through the p53-p21Cip1/Waf1 pathway.     

大鼠骨髓基质干细胞分离培养及向成骨、成脂诱导分化的研究

目的利用细胞原代及传代培养技术将大鼠骨髓基质干细胞诱导分化为成骨细胞和脂肪细胞,为其进一步应用奠定基础.方法全骨髓法分离大鼠骨髓基质干细胞,传代后分别在成骨、成脂诱导条件下继续培养,采用碱性磷酸酶染色、茜素红染色及油红"O"染色观察其成骨及成脂分化结果.结果第2代大鼠骨髓基质干细胞成骨诱导9 d后碱性磷酸酶染色呈阳性细胞,连续诱导14 d后可见矿化结节形成,成脂诱导14 d后可见脂肪细胞形成.结论随着诱导条件的不同,大鼠骨髓基质干细胞在体外可定向分化为成骨细胞和脂肪细胞.     

小鼠骨髓造血基质细胞体外培养及其功能的研究

采用细胞培养从正常LACA雄性小鼠骨髓中分离得到1株造血基质细胞（HSC），该细胞胞体较大，呈多角形，不吞噬酵母多糖，HSC粘壁层有其培养上清液均具有明显刺激CFU－GM体外增殖分化的功能，将HSC输注到经射线照射的雌性小鼠体内，PCR技术检测结果显示，HSC具有重建受体小鼠造血微环境的作用。     

大鼠骨髓基质细胞培养的实验研究

目的探讨利用骨髓基质细胞体外培养获得神经干细胞的方法及应用.方法体外培养大鼠骨髓基质细胞;免疫组化检测;流式细胞仪检测.结果加BME的骨髓基质细胞大量分裂,形成大量的细胞分裂球,传到4代时,90%以上的细胞表达Nestin阳性.结论BME对骨髓基质细胞有明显的促分裂作用,应用此种方法可获得神经干细胞(Neural stem cell,NSC).     

菜豆植物凝集素对小鼠骨髓细胞微核发生率的影响

目的分析不同品种菜豆植物凝集素对小鼠骨髓细胞微核发生率的影响,明确其生物安全性。方法小鼠腹腔注射3个品种菜豆凝集素,6 d后取小鼠骨髓细胞,吉姆萨染色,光学显微镜下观察小鼠骨髓细胞的微核发生情况并进行微核发生率的统计,进而判断不同种类菜豆植物凝集素是否具有致突变作用。结果实验组3个品种的菜豆植物凝集素引起的小鼠微核发生率与阴性对照组比较差异均无统计学意义,而阳性对照组与实验组及阴性对照组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);小鼠骨髓细胞微核发生率与菜豆植物凝集素呈剂量—反应关系,但与小鼠性别无关。结论 3个含量分别为高、中、低水平的菜豆植物凝集素对小鼠骨髓细胞均无致突变作用,可进一步用于有关药物和生物制剂的开发应用。     

哮喘小鼠骨髓DC细胞因子mRNA的分析

通过体外诱导和扩增小鼠骨髓来源的树突状细胞(DC),研究其中的细胞因子mRNA表达,探讨DC在哮喘中可能的作用机制.为此,利用rmGM-CSF和rmIL-4体外诱导骨髓细胞分化为DC,采用多探针模板的核酸酶保护分析检测骨髓来源的DC中细胞因子mRNA的转录.结果表明,在两种细胞因子的作用下,从骨髓中可以诱导出大量的DC;核酸酶保护分析显示骨髓来源的DC中有IL-13,IL-9和IL-3mRNA的转录,并且哮喘组表达IL-13mRNA和IL-9mRNA的相对水平与对照组相比有明显的差异性,P<0.05;而IL-3mRNA的表达在两组鼠中的表达水平没有差异性,P>0.05.可以认为DC在哮喘的形成和发展中起重要作用,提示了靶向于DC的治疗可能成为哮喘治疗的新目标.     

Advances in tissue engineering

Tissue engineering is a newly developed specialty involved in the construction of tissues and organs either in vitro or in vivo. Tremendous progress has been achieved over the past decade in tisse construction as well as in other related areas, such as bone marrow stromal cells, embryonic stem cells and tissue progenitor cells. In our laboratory, tissues of full-thickness skin, bone, cartilage and tendon have been successfully engineered, and the engineered tissues have repaired full-thickness skin wound, cranial bone defects, articular cartilage defects and tendon defects in animals. In basic research areas, bone marrow stromal cells have been induced and transformed into osteoblasts and chondrocytes in vitro. Mouse embryo stem cell lines we established have differentiated into neuron precursor, cardiac muscle cells and epithelial cells. Genetic modifications of seed cells for promoting cell proliferation, delaying cell aging and inducing immune tolerance have also been investigated.     

Long-term culture of murine erythropoietic progenitor cells in the absence of an adherent layer

Replication of multipotential stem cells in long-term murine bone marrow cell culture is known to depend on the development of an adherent stromal cell layer. In these conditions, restricted haematopoietic progenitor cells have also been generated for up to several months1-3. However, maturation is observed only in the granulocyte/macrophage and megakaryocyte lineages; erythropoiesis appears to be blocked at the earliest burst-forming unit (BFU-E) stage. Addition of exogenous erythropoietin (Epo) or anaemic mouse serum results in full erythropoietic maturation, but it is transient. We describe here a culture system in which production of erythropoietic progenitor cells can be maintained for over 6 months in the absence of an adherent stromal layer and in the absence of added Epo, but in the presence of pokeweed mitogen-stimulated spleen cell conditioned medium (PWSCM). The data indicate that restricted erythroid progenitor cells exist which are capable of extensive self-renewal.     

小鼠胚肝基质细胞在体外培养中的动态演化

胚肝基质细胞是研究胚肝造血调控的重要工具，本实验对小鼠胚肝基质细胞在体外培养过程中的生长、细胞类型组成及其组成比例的演变过程进行了观察．实验显示小鼠原代培养初期基质细胞是由平滑肌样上皮细胞、巨噬细胞以及成纤维样细胞、树突状细胞、内皮细胞构成的，经过多次传代后，巨噬细胞等类型的细胞逐渐丢失，平滑肌样上皮细胞和成纤维样细胞成为主体，表明体外培养的小鼠胚肝基质细胞在4代以内都能较真实的反映体内造血微环境的构成，适用于胚肝造血研究．此为进一步研究胚肝基质细胞在胚胎期造血过程中的作用奠定了工作基础．     

Haemonectin, a bone marrow adhesion protein specific for cells of granulocyte lineage

There is substantial evidence that the haematopoietic microenvironment is crucial to the growth and differentiation of haematopoietic cells. This microenvironment is composed of stromal cells, soluble factors and extracellular matrix (ECM). We have shown that a complex extract of bone marrow ECM can stimulate the growth and differentiation of haematopoietic cells in vitro. Furthermore, the use of inhibitors or stimulators of ECM synthesis in long-term marrow culture affects cell proliferation. On a molecular level, however, the interactions between ECM and haematopoietic cells are not well understood. We have investigated the adhesion between specific bone marrow ECM components and haematopoietic cells, and found a protein, 'haemonectin', of relative molecular mass 60,000 in bone marrow ECM which is a lineage- and organ-specific attachment molecule for cells of granulocyte lineage. This specificity distinguishes haemonectin from previously described adhesion proteins which have a wider tissue distribution and cell type specificity.     

Host origin of marrow stromal cells following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

Although it is generally agreed that stromal cells are important in the regulation of haematopoietic cell development, the origin of these phenotypically diverse cells has been a subject for debate for more than 50 years. Data which support the concept of a separate origin for the haematopoietic stem cell and the marrow stroma are derived from cytogenetic or enzyme marker studies of explanted and expanded stromal cells grown under conditions that do not allow haematopoiesis in vitro. Recent evidence in man and in mouse suggesting that the stromal cells capable of transferring the haematopoietic microenvironment in vitro are transplantable seemingly questions this dichotomy, one interpretation being the existence of a common haematopoietic/stromal 'stem cell'. We used in situ hybridization to discriminate donor cells from host in blood and bone marrow samples obtained from patients with functioning sex-mismatched but HLA-identical allografts. Without exception, marrow-derived stromal cells that proliferate in long-term cultures were found to be of host genotype, whereas the macrophage component of the adherent layer in these cultures originated from the donor.     

骨髓间充质干细胞向肝样细胞分化的研究进展

摘要: 由各种因素导致的重症肝病的终末治疗的最好手段一直是原位肝移植,但长期以来肝供体的缺乏和免疫排斥引起的一系列问题极大地限制了该手术的运用,同时,在肝脏相关药物的筛选中,原代肝细胞难于培养且易在培养过程中变异,而随着骨髓间充质干细胞研究的深入,越来越多的证据表明骨髓间充质干细胞具有向肝细胞分化的潜能。因此,骨髓间充质干细胞诱导分化而成的肝样细胞在再生医疗和药物筛选领域具有较好的运用前景,本文就间充质干细胞的分离培养及其生物学特性,肝样细胞的诱导培养条件,生物学特性及其运用前景加以综述。     

改进的大鼠骨髓涂片制备方法

骨髓不仅是各种血细胞的发源地,骨髓也具有很多重要的生理功能,也是许多有毒物质毒性作用的敏感靶器官。但是,在药物临床前安全评价研究中,由于技术上的原因限制了对骨髓毒性的研究,为此,改进了传统的大鼠骨髓涂片法,能够更加容易地观察细胞形态及分类计数的变化,促进了对骨髓毒性的研究和评价。     

成人骨髓基质细胞的体外培养

本研究从成人的髋骨抽取骨髓液，离心后将骨髓基质细胞悬液接种培养，待细胞贴壁融合后，进行传代扩增培养．并采用流式细胞术进行细胞周期分析，结果表明原代培养和传代培养的细胞均为贴壁、形态不一的骨髓基质细胞，且此体外培养的骨髓基质细胞具有很强的增殖能力．本研究成功地建立了一套完整、简单、可行的体外分离、长期培养扩增人骨髓基质细胞(Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells hBMSCs)的系统，证明成人骨髓基质细胞能够在体外长期增殖，为人的骨髓基盾细胞的理论研究和临床应用奠定了基础.     

白花蛇舌草提取物体外抗肿瘤作用及机制研究

目的　研究中药白花蛇舌草提取物对Bel 7402细胞抗肿瘤作用及其作用机制.方法　采用MTT法和集落形成实验检测白花蛇舌草提取物对Bel 7402细胞生长的抑制作用;采用淋巴细胞转化实验检测白花蛇舌草提取物对小鼠脾脏T淋巴细胞增殖的刺激作用,并筛选出药物的安全剂量范围;采用透射电镜初步观察药物作用后Bel 7402细胞的形态变化.结果　1)MTT比色实验、集落形成实验的结果表明,白花蛇舌草提取物对Bel 7402细胞的生长具有明显的抑制作用,且这种作用是剂量依赖关系,IC50为1.6g/L;2)透射电镜观察表明,药物作用后的Bel 7402肿瘤细胞的体积变小,核分裂像显著减少,没有明显的凋亡现象;细胞核固缩,异染色质块状聚集浓染,线粒体变大变圆,基质变淡,线粒体嵴变短变少甚至消失,在极度肿胀时,线粒体转化为小空泡状结构,并有细胞膜破损现象.结论　1)白花蛇舌草提取物可能通过直接影响肿瘤细胞能量代谢,对Bel 7402细胞生长具有明显的抑制作用,且呈剂量依赖关系;2)白花蛇舌草提取物具有促进小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖的作用.     

Compartmentalization of a haematopoietic growth factor (GM-CSF) by glycosaminoglycans in the bone marrow microenvironment

Haematopoietic progenitor cells proliferate and mature in semisolid media when stimulated by exogenous haematopoietic cell growth factors (HCGFs) such as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). They also proliferate in association with marrow-derived stromal cells although biologically active amounts of HCGFs cannot be detected in stromal culture supernatants. It is possible that HCGFs are synthesized in small amounts by stromal cells but remain bound to the stromal cells and/or their extracellular matrix (ECM). This interpretation accords with haematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation in close association with stromal layers in long-term cultures. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are found in the ECM produced by stromal cells. They are prime candidates for selectively retaining HCGFs in the stromal layer; they influence embryonic morphogenesis and cyto-differentiation and they may regulate haematopoiesis. We now report that granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating activity can be eluted from cultured stromal layers and that exogenous GM-CSF binds to GAGs from bone marrow stromal ECM. Selective compartmentalization of HCGFs in this manner may be an important function of the marrow microenvironment and may be involved in haematopoietic cell regulation.     

造血重建小鼠骨髓中成纤维细胞的起源

选择Y染色体特异的性别决定基因(Sry)作为新的细胞遗传标志,采用PCR技术对小鼠骨髓细胞重建造血的性能和造血重建小鼠骨髓中成纤维细胞的起源进行研究.将正常雄鼠骨髓细胞输注给经致死剂量射线照射的受体雌性小鼠,PCR技术检测结果表明,在活存小鼠的骨髓、脾脏、胸腺和淋巴结中均具有供体起源的细胞.而正常雄鼠或5-氟尿嘧啶处理的雄鼠骨髓细胞输注给受体雌性小鼠后,造血重建小鼠骨髓中的成纤维细胞则为受体起源.由此可见,小鼠骨髓中的成纤维细胞与造血细胞具有不同的起源.     

Defective ability to self-renew in vitro of highly purified primitive haematopoietic cells

Stromal cells play a critical role in haematopoiesis, both in a permissive and, probably, in a directive manner. Study of the interactions between stromal cells and haematopoietic stem cells, however, is difficult to perform using whole bone marrow, in which stem cells are indistinguishable from precursor cells and maturing haematopoietic cells, and where stromal and haematopoietic cells co-exist in a heterogeneous mixture. We have purified primitive haematopoietic spleen colony-forming cells (CFU-S) using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and produced CFU-S populations which approach 100% purity (ref. 6 and B.I.L. and E.S., in preparation). This cell population is devoid of significant stromal cells and mature haematopoietic cells. Here, we report that when purified CFU-S are seeded onto a stromal adherent layer in vitro, foci of haematopoietic cells develop within the stroma followed by production of a wave of maturing and mature progeny. However, self-renewal of CFU-S does not occur and haematopoietic activity rapidly declines, indicating that caution should be applied in the use of highly purified stem cells for human bone marrow transplantation.     

Fibronectin and VLA-4 in haematopoietic stem cell-microenvironment interactions

The self-renewal and differentiation of haematopoietic stem cells occurs in vivo and in vitro in direct contact with cells making up the haematopoietic microenvironment. In this study we used adhesive ligands and blocking antibodies to identify stromal cell-derived extracellular matrix proteins involved in promoting attachment of murine haematopoietic stem cells. Here we report that day-12 colony-forming-unit spleen (CFU-S12)5 cells and reconstituting haematopoietic stem cells attach to the C-terminal, heparin-binding fragment of fibronectin by recognizing the CS-1 peptide of the alternatively spliced non-type III connecting segment (IIICS) of human plasma fibronectin. Furthermore, CFU-S12 stem cells express the alpha 4 subunit of the VLA-4 integrin receptor, which is known to be a receptor for the CS-1 sequence, and monoclonal antibodies against the integrin alpha 4 subunit of VLA-4 block adhesion of CFU-S12 stem cells to plates coated with the C-terminal fibronectin fragment. Finally, polyclonal antibodies against the integrin beta 1 subunit of VLA-4 inhibit the formation of CFU-S12-derived spleen colonies and medullary haematopoiesis in vivo following intravenous infusion of antibody-treated bone marrow cells.     

A microenvironment,rather than chemical,initiates the cardiomyogenic differentiation of marrow stromal cells

To investigate the potential of cardiomyogenic differentiation of rat hone marrow stromal cells (MSCs), they were exposed to 5-azacytidine treatments (single/repeat) at varying concentrations (3, 5, 10μmol/L) and the fates of the cells were analyzed by immunocytochemistry, Western blot and the reporter gene of enhanced cyan fluorescent protein (ECFP) under the control of ventricular myosin light chain 2 (MLC2v) promoter. MSCs were also cocultured with cardiomyocytes for periods up to 16 days, and the expression of cardiac myosin heavy chain(MHC) and troponin Ⅰ (Tn I) proteins was analyzed. After the induction with 5-azacytidine, neither spontaneously beating ceils nor myotubes were found; MHC and Tn I proteins were also undetectable and no ECFP-positive MSCs were detected. But when cocultured with cardiomyocytes, spontaneously contracting MSCs were observed and cardiac specific proteins could be detected. The results proved that the novel effects of 5-azacytldine on the cardiomyogenic differentiation of MSCs should be questioned and a direct intercellular communication with cardiomyocytes is necessary for MSCs to differentiate into cardiomyocytes.