全氟辛酸在小鼠肝脂质过氧化损伤中的作用

确定全氟辛酸是否通过脂质过氧化造成小鼠肝脏的损伤.将小鼠随机分为4组,分别为空白组、1/16LD50、1/8LD50和1/4LD50组,染毒14 d后采用HE染色法观察肝脏病理变化,试剂盒法测定肝组织匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD);还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH);丙二醛(MDA)、血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)含量变化.HE染色观察到全氟辛酸染毒组肝组织损伤明显;试剂盒结果显示,与空白组相比,全氟辛酸组小鼠组织匀浆中SOD活性显著降低,MDA含量显著升高,GSH活性显著降低,均有统计学意义.全氟辛酸组小鼠血清中ALT和AST活性明显高于空白组(P<0.01),低剂量组小鼠血清ALP活性与空白组相比显著升高(P<0.05),高、中剂量组与空白组相比ALP活性有升高趋势,但是没有统计学意义.全氟辛酸通过脂质过氧化造成小鼠肝损伤.     

HPLC对雌性小鼠血清全氟辛酸质量浓度分析

采用HPLC技术,建立了分析小鼠血液中全氟辛酸(PFOA)的方法.分析柱为C18反相柱,淋洗液为乙腈、醋酸铵,采用梯度洗脱,待测物PFOA在15 min内可被检测出来,紫外吸收波长为210 nm.本方法将应用于血样实际样品中PFOA的检测.在6h时全氟辛酸(PFOA)的毒性在血液中达到最大.     

上海特征性点源周边环境水体中全氟化合物的环境行为特性

上海市某民用国际机场的飞机大量使用全氟化合物为重要成分的航空液压油,并且在机场内部或周边配套消防站使用的水成膜泡沫灭火剂(aqueous film-forming foams, AFFFs)中,全氟化合物作为重要添加剂被广泛使用.含氟化合物的大量使用会对机场周边的地表水产生氟化物污染.以上海市某机场作为特征潜在点源对象,采集周边的10个地表水样,2个对照采样点,检测样品中的17种全氟化合物(perfluormated compounds, PFCs).结果显示:全氟辛酸(perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOA)在地表水中的质量浓度最高,为37.55～189.05 ng/L,均值为94.05 ng/L;其次为全氟戊酸(perfluoro pentanoic acid, PFPeA)和全氟丁烷磺酸盐(perfluorobutane sulphonate, PFBS),浓度分别为15.15～42.33 ng/L, 5.35～57.27 ng/L; PFoA, PFPeA和PFBS的检出率均为100%.运用风险商数法评价机场周边采样点的环境风险,结果显示水样中PFCs均未达到对生态环境具有风险的水平.     

PFOA—APTES自组装双层膜的制备及其拒水拒油性能

采用自组装方法在羟基化硅基底表面制备全氟辛酸/氨基硅烷(PFOA-APTES)自组装双层膜,根据全氟辛酸与氨基硅烷自组装膜末端氨基反应时间的不同,制备3个PFOA-APTES自组装双层膜样品,运用原子力显微镜(AFM)、X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)和接触角测试仪来评价薄膜结构及其拒水拒油性能.结果表明:全氟辛酸与氨基硅烷自组装膜的末端氨基成功发生反应,制备的PFOA-APTES自组装双层膜具有一定拒水拒油效果.     

汉江水体和沉积物中全氟化合物的风险评估

采集汉江旱季和雨季的水样和沉积物,应用超高效液相色谱–三重四级杆质谱,对其中的11种全氟化合物(PFCs)进行检测,研究该区域全氟化合物的污染状况。结果表明,11种全氟化合物都有不同程度的检出,旱季和雨季水样中∑PFCs浓度分别为0.3~23.04和0.16~19.68 ng/L,沉积物中∑PFCs浓度分别为0~55.1和0.99~85.07 ng/g。水样总浓度的最高值出现在汉江汇入长江处的武汉,且武汉采样点的全氟辛酸(PFOA)浓度最高,旱、雨季分别达到22.52和12.52 ng/L。沉积物中总浓度最高值出现在陶岔,且以全氟庚酸(PFHp A)和全氟己酸(PFHx A)为主,沉积物中组分组成的季节差异不大。采用实际检测到的水样中PFOA、全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)、全氟壬酸(PFNA)、PFHx A和全氟葵酸(PFDA)的浓度以及沉积物中PFOA和PFOS的浓度,运用熵值法,对汉江流域进行全氟化合物污染的风险评估,结果表明,水体和沉积物中的浓度均未达到对生态环境具有风险的水平。     

土壤对全氟化合物的吸附作用

全氟化合物(Perfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs)是一类受到全世界关注的新型污染物,有关其环境行为的研究报道很多,但目前有关PFASs吸附的研究多是针对沉积物或碳质材料,对于其在土壤上的吸附研究较少。因此,本文研究了3种不同性质的土壤对6种PFASs(全氟辛酸、全氟辛烷磺酸、全氟壬酸、全氟癸酸、全氟十一酸和全氟十二酸)的吸附特征。结果表明,PFASs在土壤中吸附1h就达到平衡。6种PFASs均符合Freundlich吸附等温式,土壤-水分配系数随碳氟链增加而增加,且PFASs的分配系数(lgKd)与其辛醇-水分配系数(lgKow)呈显著正相关(p<0.01)。PFASs在土壤上的吸附量随土壤有机碳含量和阳离子交换量的增加而增加,6种PFASs的土壤有机碳标化分配系数范围为102.26~105.07 L/kg。除疏水作用外,氢键作用和静电作用也是PFASs在土壤上吸附的重要机制。     

含氟硅烷抗粘材料的合成及其抗粘性能

以1-辛烯、含氟烯烃和三氯硅烷为原料,以氯铂酸为催化剂合成了辛基三氯硅烷(OTS),全氟己基三氯硅烷(FHTS),全氟辛基三氯硅烷(FOTS)3种抗粘材料.采用溶液沉积方法将合成材料沉积在载玻片上,考察其抗粘性能及热稳定性,结果表明FHTS与FOTS的抗粘效果及热稳定性优于OTS.     

新型含氟丙烯酸酯聚合物的合成及其在棉织物上的应用

为了研究不含全氟辛酸(PFOA)的拒水拒油织物整理剂,以全氟己基乙醇、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)和丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEA)为原料合成了一种新型的含氟丙烯酸酯单体FA,并采用乳液聚合的方法,将FA与HEA和丙烯酸十八酯共聚得到了稳定的共聚物PFA乳液.该PFA乳液具有一定的拒水拒油性能,经其处理的棉织物对水的接触角达到了135°,而拒油等级为2级.     

N-(二乙基二胺)全氟辛酰胺的反应动力学研究

研究合成N-(二乙基二胺)全氟辛酰胺反应动力学特征.利用溶剂法,以二乙烯三胺和全氟辛酸为原料,以CATP为催化剂,二甲苯为溶剂,合成了N-(二乙基二胺)全氟辛酰胺,并研究该反应的反应机理和反应动力学.当反应温度为130℃,反应时间3h时,收率可达96%,反应速率常数k=0.700 7×10-3s-1,该合成反应符合质子化缩合反应机理和一级反应动力学特征.     

TiO2光催化臭氧氧化降解全氟辛酸的研究

TiO_2光催化臭氧氧化可以有效降解全氟辛酸(PFOA),反应4 h后的脱氟率达到44.3%.考察了PO_4~(3-)、PFOA初始浓度、反应温度对PFOA脱氟率的影响.结果表明,TiO_2光催化臭氧氧化降解PFOA过程发生在催化剂表面,PFOA和O_3在TiO_2表面的吸附是降解反应发生的必要条件;反应过程的前半段温度占主导因素,脱氟率随温度升高而升高,反应过程的后半段吸附作用影响更大,温度越低脱氟率反而越高;降解过程中产生的中间产物主要是5种短链全氟羧酸化合物,包括C_6F_(13)C_OOH、C_5F_(11)C_OOH、C_4F_9C_OOH、C_3F_7C_OOH和C_2F_5C_OOH.TiO_2光催化臭氧氧化降解PFOA的机理类似于Photo-Kolbe反应.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the