磁暴对夜间中低电离层影响的数值模拟

从电子连续方程、电子运动方程以及离子运动方程出发,选用IRI-90电子浓度为磁暴初始时的浓度,并采用HEDIN-90剪切时变中性风模式,对中低纬电离层F层在磁暴期间的变化形态进行了数值模拟研究.模拟结果表明:磁暴会引起电离层产生不同程度的扰动,在磁暴时存在的东西方向电场的作用下,电离层F层峰产生垂直漂移.不同情况的模拟表明:不同强度的暴时电场会对电离层F层产生不同的影响,并且纬度越低F层受暴时电场的影响越大,这与磁暴期间观测到的电波实验现象一致.     

电场对暴时低纬电离层foF2变化的影响

电场在低纬电离层的演化过程中扮演着重要角色. 以2003年10～11月的两次强磁暴事件为例, 分析105°E附近由赤道区域扰动电场引起的等离子体输运对低纬指定区域内电离层的影响, 并用电离层模型SAMI2进行数值模拟. 研究表明, 电场能引起电离层foF2的复杂变化. 在2003年11月19～24日孤立磁暴事件中, 扰动电场在电离层暴初期起主导作用, 向上和向极漂移的等离子体造成赤道异常峰南侧海口站电离层负暴和北侧重庆及兰州站正暴. 在2003年10月28日～11月2日连续磁暴事件中, 电离层暴初期以电场影响为主, 随后电场和中性扰动成分共同作用于电离层, 表现出复杂的暴时变化. 电场扰动能迅速引起电离层的响应, 只是后者能维持较长时间. 上述结果对区域电离层短期预报具有重要意义.     

中性风在中低纬Spread-F中的作用

讨论了中低纬度电离层F区中有碰撞的Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定性的线性增长率,着重考察背景中性风对增长率的影响,首先建立了适合于描述中低纬地区R-T不稳定性的基本方程,其中包括背景中性风和电场。在此基础上导出了色散关系和不稳定性增长率γ。结果表明,γ随纬度增加而逐渐减小,虽然东西方向和垂直向下的中性风分量有利于不稳定性增长,但在比30度更高的纬度,正常的背景中性风很难使γ为正值,除非存在合适的东西方向电场,亦即电场在中纬度Spread F的形成方面起着重要的作用。文中还根据比较合乎实际的电离层电子密度分布模式估算了线性增长率γ的季节变化。     

中性风在中低纬Spread—F中的作用

讨论了中低纬度电离层Ｆ区中有碰撞的Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ－Ｔａｙｌｏｒ不稳定性的线性增长率，着重考察背景中性风对增长率的影响，首先建立了适合于描述中低纬地区Ｒ－Ｔ不稳定性的基本方程，其中包括背景中性风和电场。在此基础上导出了色散关系和不稳定性增长率γ。结果表明，γ随纬度增加而逐渐减小，虽然东西方向和垂直向下的中性风分量有利于不稳定性增长，但在比３０度更高的纬度，正常的背景中性风很难使γ为正值，除非存在合     

电离层F层动力学数值模拟

中、低纬电离层Ｆ层动力学的数值模拟通过研究等离子体的连续性方程和运动方程进行，等离子体的输运过程顺电磁漂移的运动坐标系中运算。计及双极扩散、温度、中性风、电磁漂等影响。     

油气管网与电网的地磁暴干扰机理比较研究

地磁暴是由太阳风暴冲击地球磁层引起的地磁场剧烈扰动。地磁暴会对地面人工技术系统形成危害,威胁技术系统的安全;其中,规模庞大的油气管网和电网最容易受到影响。首次对油气管道和电网的地磁暴干扰机理进行了深入的比较研究,获得了重要研究结论。电网与油气管网地磁暴效应都起源于空间天气对地球磁层-电离层的影响,作用于特定对象上由不同作用原理产生不同干扰。油气管网主要产生PSP及GIC,而电网仅有GIC的影响。根据作用原理不同,二者建模计算各异。通过分析特定事件、原理分析以及建模计算,对油气管道和电网地磁暴的干扰机理进行比较研究,首次阐明油气管网地磁暴干扰机理,为油气管网地磁暴效应特征研究以及地磁暴灾害防治提供了重要依据。     

行离子对近地场向电流的影响

采用三维resistive MHD数值模拟方法研究了上行离子对近地磁尾场向电流的影响. 模拟结果显示起源于夜侧电离层极光椭圆带源区的上行离子沿等离子体片边界层进入磁尾, 对近地磁尾场向电流有着重要的影响. 上行离子对场向电流的影响主要在近地磁尾(15 Re以内); 场向电流密度随上行离子通量增加而增加; 在通量相同的条件下, 上行离子速度越高, 场向电流密度越高; 近地磁尾场向电流密度与上行离子的纬度密切相关, 来自电离层较低纬度接近闭合磁力线区域的上行离子流更容易引起场向电流密度的增强; 由上行离子引起的场向电流和By 磁场分量有直接关系. 最后进一步将上行离子引起的近地磁层场向电流密度与电离层高度的场向电流密度进行了比较.     

海南地区电离层扩展F现象与Dst变化关系研究

利用2002年2月—2007年12月海南地区DPS-4型测高仪探测数据,统计分析研究了海南地区磁暴期间电离层扩展F现象与Dst指数下降值的关系。主要结果为：在海南地区磁暴期间,如果Dst指数下降最快值出现在白天,午夜前扩展F现象的发生会被强烈地抑制;如果Dst指数下降最快值出现在晚间,夜晚扩展F现象的发生会被激发。这是对海南站电离层观测数据分析,得到的一个新结果。本文还对磁暴期间电离层扩展F现象的发生与电离层扰动发电机电场、磁层渗透电场的关系进行了讨论。     

太阳磁暴的奥妙

2004年，地球经受了一系列强烈的磁暴袭击，如此强烈的爆发是什么原因引起的?太阳磁暴对人类有什么影响?俄罗斯科学院地磁学、电离层和无线电波传播研究所地球物理环境预测中心的专家介绍了有关情况。     

磁暴对GPS硬件延迟影响的研究

根据不同纬度的4个GPS台站的数据,采用6系数二次曲面模型对磁暴期间GPS系统的硬件延迟的波动进行了研究,结果表明:在纬度较低的地区,由于电离层中的电子浓度较大并且存在较大的经向梯度变化,磁暴期间计算出的硬件延迟存在着较大的波动.因此,对GPS系统硬件延迟的估算应尽量选择中高纬地区台站的数据并且避免使用磁暴发生期间的数据.     

Storm-time ionospheric disturbances monitored by GPS beacon measurements

The Total Electron Content (TEC) during three great storms, from April to August 2000, was collected by means of a GPS receiver located in Jingzhou (30.4° N, 112.2° E). The time-latitude-dependent features of ionospheric storms are identified using TEC difference images based on the deviations of TEC during storm relative to quiet time. The responses of ionospheric TEC to magnetic storms were analyzed. The results show that: 1) In middle and low latitude, ionospheric storms effects are more apparent in local day time than at night: 2) Ionospheric storm effects are more dominant near the hump of the equatorial anomaly region than in other regions of TEC measurements; 3) The positive effects during the main phase of ionospheric storm may be caused by electric fields in low latitude; 4) During the recovery period of ionospheric storm, the negative phase of storm may be due to the perturbation of the neutral gas composition. Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (49984001) Biography: Pei Xiao-hong (1977-), male, Master candidate, research direction: studying ionosphere on GPS beacons.     

A theoretical model for mid-and low-latitude ionospheric electric fields in realistic geomagnetic fields

The geomagnetic fields, which play important roles in the ionospheric dynamo, can greatly affect the global distribution of ionospheric electric fields, currents and other ionospheric electrodynamics phenomena. In the study of ionospheric electrodynamics phenomena, such as the longitudinal variations of ionospheric electric fields, the non-dipolar component of the geomagnetic fields must be taken into account. In this paper, we deduce a theoretical electric field model for ionospheric dynamo at mid- and low-latitude which adopt a modified magnetic apex coordinates system. In the new electric field model, the geomagnetic fields can be calculated from either the IGRF model or the dipole field model, and the neutral winds and conductivities are calculated based on empirical models. Then the dynamo equation for the electric potential is finally solved in terms of the line-by-line iteration method, and the ionospheric electric fields and currents are derived from the calculated potential. Our model can reproduce the main features of the ionospheric electrodynamics processes, so it will be a useful tool for the investigation of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere.     

Numerical simulation of ionization enhancement in the topside ionosphere of cusp foot-point region caused by low energy particle precipitation

The Graz Ionospheric Flux Tube Simulations (GIFTS) has been improved. The improved GIFTS model was used to numerically investigate the energy particle precipitation on the distribution of electron density in the ionospheric cusp foot-point region under conditions of large plasma convection during magnetic storm. After including the effects of low energy incident particles, the ionospheric electron densities increase remarkably above altitude of ∼250 km, showing a peak at about 350 km. The percent enhancements of electron densities increase gradually with altitude, exceeding 60% near the upper boundary of the calculation. The calculated ionospheric F ₂-peak was remarkably enhanced and lifted up by the incident low energy electrons. Biography: CAI Hongtao(1976–), male, Associate professor, Ph.D., research direction: polar magnetosphere and ionosphere.     

Solar activity effects of the ionosphere: A brief review

Solar radiation, which varies over multiple temporal scales, modulates remarkably the evolution of the ionosphere. The solar activity dependence of the ionosphere is a key and fundamental issue in ionospheric physics, providing information essential to understanding the variations in the ionosphere and its processes. Selected recent studies on solar activity effects of the ionosphere are briefly reviewed in this report. This report focuses on (1) observations of solar irradiance at X-ray and extreme ultraviolet wavelengths and the outstanding problems of solar proxies, in the view of ionospheric studies, (2) new findings and improved representations of the features of the solar activity dependence of ionospheric key parameters and the corresponding physical processes, (3) possible phenomena in the ionosphere under extremely high and low solar activity conditions that are unique, as indicated by historical solar datasets and the deep solar minimum of solar cycle 23/24, and (4) statistical studies and model simulations of the ionosphere response to solar flares. The above-mentioned studies provide new clues for comprehensively explaining basic processes in the ionosphere and improving the prediction capability of ionospheric models and related applications.     

Development of a middle and low latitude theoretical ionospheric model and an observation system data assimilation experiment

On the basis of previous work, we develop a middle and low latitude theoretical ionospheric model in this paper, named Theoretical Ionospheric Model of the Earth in the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences （TIME-IGGCAS）. TIME-IGGCAS solves the equations of mass continuity, motion and energy of electron and ions self-consistently and uses an eccentric dipole field approximation to the Earth＇s magnetic field. We combine the Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches in the model and take account of the plasma ExB drift velocity. Calculation results reveal that the model is steady and credible and can reproduce most large-scale features of ionosphere. By using TIME-IGGCAS, we carried out an observation system data assimilation experiment. Assimilation results show that the ExB drift velocity can be accurately estimated by ingesting the observed foF2 and hmF2 into the model applying nonlinear least-square fit method. We suggest that this work is of great significance in the development of ionospheric data assimilation model to give better nowcast and forecast of ionosphere.     

基于无线电掩星观测的火星电离层观测研究进展

火星电离层早期的观测数据非常少,除了Viking登陆器对火星电离层的在位测量外,火星电离层的主要物理信息是通过掩星观测方法得到的.近年来,Mars Global Surveyor和Mars Express轨道器通过掩星观测的方法对火星的上层大气和电离层进行了长期的观测,得到了大量的火星电离层电子密度廓线资料.火星电离层受到来自太阳EUV和X射线辐射、太阳风、太阳耀斑、中性大气、表面壳磁场、宇宙射线、流星等多种因素的影响,使其结构发生瞬态或季节性的变化.本文介绍了行星无线电掩星探测的基本原理和技术特点,回顾了国内外科学家们基于已有的火星掩星观测数据（主要是Mars GlobalSurveyor和Mars Express）在火星电离层研究中的一些最新科学成果,并详细介绍了火星电离层的结构和火星夜间电离层的主要特征.     

Analysis of ionospheric anomalies before the 2011 <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis><Subscript>w</Subscript> 9.0 Japan earthquake

On March 11, 2011, a large earthquake of Mw=9.0 occurred near the east coast of Honshu, Japan. This paper investigates preearthquake ionospheric anomalies during the earthquake period, using data from global navigation satellite systems and ionosonde stations near the epicenter. A clear anomaly that occurred on March 8 lasted 6 hours. Eliminating ionospheric anomalies that may have been caused by solar activities and magnetic storms, we believe that a positive anomaly on March 8 was very possibly an ionospheric precursor. The affected ionospheric area on March 8, which is evident on a vertical total electron content distribution map, extended to 50° in longitude and 20° in latitude, with length ratio approximately 3:1. The anomaly peak arose from 15:00-19:00 LT, and its location did not coincide with the vertical projection of the epicenter, but was instead to its south. Corresponding ionospheric anomalies are also observed in the magnetically conjugated region. There were no obvious ionospheric anomalies in other parts of the world. To analyze changes in the ionospheric anomaly, computerized ionospheric tomography technology was used to invert the spatial and temporal distribution of electron density in the ionosphere. The ionospheric anomaly on March 8, 2011 is suggested to be an ionospheric precursor of the March 11 earthquake in Japan.     

基于单站GPS数据的GPS系统硬件延迟估算方法及结果比较

从GPS数据中解算电离层总电子含量(TEC)的最大误差源是硬件延迟。作者介绍了两种解算电离层TEC和硬件延迟的方法。利用单站的GPS双频数据,计算了2004年电离层TEC和硬件延迟,对两种方法得到的硬件延迟进行了比较,并且和欧洲定轨中心的公布结果进行了对比,同时分析了不同纬度台站数据解算硬件延迟的误差特点。结果表明：这两种方法均可以解算TEC和硬件延迟,结果是可靠的。解算的硬件延迟的标准偏差与观测站的纬度有关,在中国区域,纬度越低,估算的硬件延迟偏差越大,对这一情况进行了分析。