磺酸盐驱油体系在多孔隙砂岩中的滞留与吸附损耗

采用两相滴定法分别考察磺酸盐驱油剂在砂岩表面的吸附损失及在多孔隙砂岩中的驱动损耗。结果表明:磺酸盐类驱油剂在砂岩表面的吸附损失主要与砂岩的表面积正相关;在驱动过程中,多孔隙介质的孔隙体积及孔喉结构是造成驱油剂滞留损失的主要原因;在砂岩表面的吸附及在多孔隙介质中的滞留都会使驱油剂在溶液中的有效质量浓度急剧减小;通过组分间的增溶作用,增加磺酸盐驱油剂在水相中的溶解性能,减少溶液中游离分子的数量,能够降低磺酸盐驱油剂的损失。     

基于交叉验证法探究砾岩储集层特征及对化学驱油剂损耗的影响

以克拉玛依油田七东1区克下组砾岩储集层为研究对象,通过X射线衍射、薄片鉴定、孔渗分析等实验,系统开展储集层纵向岩石学特征、孔隙结构特征及宏观物性变化的研究。结合驱油剂动态损耗实验,采用基于交叉验证的逐步回归法,探究储集层特征对驱油剂损耗规律的影响;并应用Petrel建模计算油藏范围内驱油剂损耗量。结果表明:研究区储集层矿物成分成熟度低,结构成熟度低,储集层呈现中-低孔隙度,渗透率纵向变化大,非均质性显著;驱油剂动态损耗量受储集层特征控制,与储集层渗透率、孔隙度、黏土矿物含量等地质特征有较好的相关关系;应用Petrel建模可以实现快速、准确、可视化的油藏范围内驱油剂损耗量计算。在地质条件复杂、驱油剂损耗机理未完全探究清楚的情况下,通过逐步回归法直接从数据中建立模型;并用交叉验证法对模型进行筛选和优化,是驱油剂损耗量计算领域的一个创新应用。     

两类典型非牛顿驱油剂的渗流特性

为考察不同流变性质的驱油剂在油藏中的渗流规律,基于孔喉作为实际油藏多孔介质最基本的流通单元和孔隙尺度随机分布的特点,提出了多孔介质的微观简化模型--二维随机变截面微管束.采用数值方法研究了粘弹型驱油剂和幂律型驱油剂在单个孔喉和多孔介质微观简化模型中的流动特性.结果表明,对于粘弹型驱油剂,只有当注入强度达到一定值时,粘弹效应才能明显地体现出来,渗流阻力随粘弹性的增强而增加,随孔隙尺度和非均匀程度的减小而增加.对于幂律型驱油剂,其渗流阻力随流体非牛顿性的增强而降低,随孔隙尺度和非均匀程度的变化规律与粘弹型驱油剂大体一致,但是在数值上远小于后者.对比分析驱油剂在岩心中的渗流规律发现,二维随机变截面微管束可作为多孔介质的简化模型,以此作为研究驱油剂渗流机理的基础模型可以避免岩心试验中多因素的综合作用,体现单一因素如流变性、孔隙介质结构和非均质性对驱油剂渗流特性的影响.     

两类典型非牛顿驱油剂的渗流特性

为考察不同流变性质的驱油剂在油藏中的渗流规律,基于孔喉作为实际油藏多孔介质最基本的流通单元和孔隙尺度随机分布的特点,提出了多孔介质的微观简化模型--二维随机变截面微管束.采用数值方法研究了粘弹型驱油剂和幂律型驱油剂在单个孔喉和多孔介质微观简化模型中的流动特性.结果表明,对于粘弹型驱油剂,只有当注入强度达到一定值时,粘弹效应才能明显地体现出来,渗流阻力随粘弹性的增强而增加,随孔隙尺度和非均匀程度的减小而增加.对于幂律型驱油剂,其渗流阻力随流体非牛顿性的增强而降低,随孔隙尺度和非均匀程度的变化规律与粘弹型驱油剂大体一致,但是在数值上远小于后者.对比分析驱油剂在岩心中的渗流规律发现,二维随机变截面微管束可作为多孔介质的简化模型,以此作为研究驱油剂渗流机理的基础模型可以避免岩心试验中多因素的综合作用,体现单一因素如流变性、孔隙介质结构和非均质性对驱油剂渗流特性的影响.     

黏弹性颗粒驱油剂注入性能研究

通过填砂管驱替实验,研究了温度、矿化度、注入速度、注入浓度、孔喉直径与黏弹性颗粒驱油剂粒径中值比值等因素对黏弹性颗粒驱油剂注入能力的影响。研究表明,黏弹性颗粒驱油剂以"堆积堵塞—压力升高—变形通过—压力降低"的方式在多孔介质中运移,具有良好的非均质调整能力。温度、矿化度对黏弹性颗粒驱油剂注入能力影响较小;随着注入速度、注入浓度的增加,黏弹性颗粒驱油剂的注入压力增大;孔喉直径与黏弹性颗粒驱油剂粒径中值比值对黏弹性颗粒驱油剂注入能力影响较大,该值在0.008~0.014时,黏弹性颗粒驱油剂具有良好的深部调驱效果。     

哈得逊油田东河砂岩微观剩余油形成机理

为厘清哈得逊油田东河砂岩微观剩余油形成机理及三次采油的方向,利用岩心扫描电镜、铸体薄片、CT扫描及压汞测试等方法,在哈得逊油田东河砂岩微观非均质级次研究的基础上,通过微观刻蚀薄片水驱油实验和真实岩心水驱油CT扫描研究油水运动状态及微观剩余油形成机理。结果表明:研究区微观非均质性从级次上分为单一孔喉级、局部孔喉组合级与岩心孔喉连通级。油田生产压差形成的动力与毛细管力、黏滞力构成的阻力,以及注入水沿着孔喉中央的驱替速度与沿着孔喉表面的剥离速度的相对大小控制了油水的运动。微观剩余油形成机理为单一孔喉的孔内贯穿作用、润湿捕集作用、角隅滞留作用,局部孔喉组合的旁超作用、指进作用,以及岩心内部的窜流作用。指进作用造成的斑块状剩余油及窜流作用形成的连片富集型剩余油是研究区后期挖潜的重点。     

志丹油田长3储层微观结构特征研究

利用实验分析成果,对志丹油田长3储层微观结构特征进行研究,长3储层属于低孔特低渗透储层,孔隙类型以粒间孔为主,粒内溶孔其次,粒间溶孔及晶间孔少量,局部伴有微裂缝;孔喉结构复杂,特征参数变化大;孔隙直径一般在20~200μm之间,喉道半径一般在0.11~1.13μm之间;孔喉结构主要为大孔粗喉型、小孔—细喉型及小孔—微喉型组合;依据毛管压力曲线形态及曲线特征参数变化区间,将长3砂岩储层划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ共四种微观结构类型;统计结果表明,微观结构是决定储层物性好坏的关键因素。     

高南油田东三段低渗储层特征及其控制因素

以储层微观特征及孔隙结构分析为手段,对高南油田低渗储层的特征及其控制因素进行了研究.结果表明:高南东三段储层岩石类型以长石岩屑砂岩及岩屑长石砂岩为主,储层中起决定作用的孔隙类型主要为粒间溶孔及长石粒内溶孔;喉道主要为片状及弯片状,发育了大孔粗喉型、大-中孔中-细喉型、中孔细喉型、细孔细喉型、微细孔喉型等5种孔喉组合类型;高南东三段60%以上的储层属低渗储层,砂体成因类型、成岩作用及储层微观孔隙结构等是控制低渗储层形成的主要因素;多数低渗储层属于分流河口砂坝成因,压实作用是低渗储层形成的关键成岩作用,储层中喉道直径均值较低及喉道类型是决定研究区储层低渗的直接原因.     

强碱三元体系与萨中地区油藏适应性研究

为保证强碱三元复合驱在大庆油田萨中地区顺利实施,开展了强碱三元复合体系中聚合物分子线团尺寸及其影响因素、岩心渗透率极限及其影响因素和驱油剂分子线团尺寸与岩石孔喉半径匹配关系实验研究。结果表明,随聚合物相对分子质量增加,聚合物分子线团尺寸Dh增大;随聚合物浓度升高,聚合物溶液中Dh呈"增大—减小—增大"趋势;随剪切强度增大,聚合物溶液中Dh先降低后升高。驱油剂岩心渗透率极限随聚合物相对分子质量和浓度增大而增大,随剪切强度的增大而减小。油藏岩石与驱油剂聚合物的适应性受岩石渗透率、聚合物浓度、相对分子质量以及剪切强度等因素影响,强碱三元复合体系"孔喉半径中值/Dh"范围通常在11~21。     

钙离子对部分水解聚丙烯酰胺冻胶失水的作用机制研究

冻胶失水导致的体积收缩会缩短油田调剖堵水作业的有效期,因此冻胶失水问题需要引起足够的重视。考察了CaCl_2对部分水解聚丙烯酰胺/铬(HPAM/Cr)冻胶失水规律的影响,研究了CaCl_2对HPAM/Cr冻胶微观形貌、HPAM流体力学半径、黏度的影响;并通过红外光谱技术分析了CaCl_2对HPAM/Cr冻胶失水的作用机理。实验结果表明,高浓度CaCl_2会促进HPAM/Cr冻胶失水,而低浓度CaCl_2具有抑制HPAM/Cr冻胶失水的作用;冻胶容水孔洞减少是高浓度CaCl_2加剧HPAM/Cr冻胶失水的内在原因;HPAM流体力学半径越小,HPAM/Cr冻胶失水越严重,低浓度CaCl_2具有提高HPAM流体力学半径的作用;低浓度CaCl_2能够降低HPAM的黏度损耗速率;Ca~(2+)可与HPAM分子羧基中的C—O发生交联反应,该反应是低浓度CaCl_2能够提高HPAM流体力学半径、降低HPAM黏度损耗速率以及抑制HPAM/Cr冻胶失水的根本原因。明确了CaCl_2对冻胶失水的作用机理,可为今后研制抗盐高稳定性冻胶提供理论参考和支持。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

Perspherical Approaches for Electrons in Atoms and Charged Excitons in Quantum Wells

Instead of following Fock’s expansion,we solve the Schrodinger equation for some quantum mechanical manybody systems such as electrons in atoms and charged excitons in quantum wells in a similar way in hyperspherical coordinates by expanding the wave functions into orthonormal complete basis sets of the hyperspherical hannonics(HHs)of hyperangles and generalized Laguerre polynomials(GLPs)of the hyperradius.This leads the equation to     

Advances in broadband wireless communications under high-mobility scenarios

Future mobile communication systems aim at providing very high data transmission rates, even in high-mobility scenarios such as high-speed wheel-track trains, maglev trains, highway vehicles, airplanes, guided missiles or spacecraft. A particularly important commercial application is the strong and increasing worldwide demand for high- speed broadband wireless communications （up to 574.8 km/ h test speeds or 380 km/h commercial speeds） in railways, providing data, voice and video services for applications such as onboard entertainment services to passengers, train control, train dispatch, train sensor status handling and sur- veillance. In such high-mobility scenarios, there are a number of communication challenges, including fast hand- over, location updating, high-speed channel modeling, estimation and equalization, anti-Doppler spreading tech- niques, fast power control, and dedicated network architec- ture. Because signal transmission in very high-speed scenarios will inevitably experience serious deterioration, it is imperative to develop key broadband mobile communi- cation techniques for such high-speed vehicles.     

Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences TOTAL CONTENTS

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海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Scale-based spatial data model for GIS

Being the primary media of geographical information and the elementary objects manipulated, almost all of maps adopt the layer-based model to represent geographic information in the existent GIS. However, it is difficult to extend the map represented in layer-based model. Furthermore, in Web-Based GIS, It is slow to transmit the spatial data for map viewing. In this paper, for solving the questions above, we have proposed a new method for representing the spatial data. That is scale-based model. In this model we represent maps in three levels: scale-view, block, and spatial object, and organize the maps in a set of map layers, named Scale-View, which associates some given scales.Lastly, a prototype Web-Based GIS using the proposed spatial data representation is described briefly.     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to