A review on TiO2 nanotube arrays: Fabrication, properties, and sensing applications

Fabrication, properties, and sensing applications of TiO₂ nanotubes have been reviewed, and the highly ordered TiO₂ nanotube arrays made by anodic oxidation in fluoride-contained electrolytes highlighted. The effect of anodization parameters (electrolyte, pH, and voltage) on the titania nanotube size and shape were discussed. The excellent biocompatibility of TiO₂, the high orientation, the large surface area with tunable pore sizes, as well as the high electron transfer rate along with the nanotubes make TiO₂ nanotube array an ideal substrate for the sensor’s fabrication and application. The sensors based on the TiO₂ nanotube arrays for sensing hydrogen, oxygen, humidity, glucose and hydrogen peroxide all exhibited low detection limit, high stability, very good reproducibility and high sensitivity.     

Preparation and photocatalytic activity of Cu-doped TiO2/SiO2

Cu²⁺-doped nanostructured TiO₂-coated SiO₂ (TiO₂/SiO₂) particles were prepared by the layer-by-layer assembly technique and their photocatalytic property was studied. TiO₂ colloids were synthesized by the sol-gel method using TiOSO₄ as a precursor. The experimental results showed that TiO₂ nanopowders on the surface of SiO₂ particles were well distributed and compact. The amount of TiO₂ increased with the increase in coating layers. The shell structure appeared to be composed of anatase titania nanocrystals at 550°C. The 2-layer coated TiO₂ particles on the surface showed a higher degradation rate compared with all the different-layer samples. The photocatalytic activity of Cu²⁺-doped TiO₂/SiO₂ was higher than that of undoped TiO₂/SiO₂. The optimum dopant content was about 0.10wt%.     

Hydration mechanism of a cementitious material prepared with Si-Mn slag

A cementitious material was prepared by mixing 80wt% Si-Mn slag powder, 10wt% lime, and 10wt% anhydrite. The compressive strength of mortar samples reaches 51.48 MPa after 28 d curing. The analyses of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show that much ettringite is formed in the sample cured for 3 d, and C-S-H gel increases rapidly during subsequent curing. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis of 29Si and 27Al and infrared spectroscopy (IR) analysis show that aluminum decomposition from tetrahedral network of the slag glass and its subsequent migration and re-combination play an important role in the process of hydration and strength development of the samples.     

Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride by molecular imprinted film modified TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> nanotubes

To enhance the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanotubes,tetracycline hydrochloride(TC) molecularly imprinted titania modified TiO2 nanotubes(MIP-TiO2) was prepared by liquid phase deposition,which improved the molecular recognition ability of the photocatalyst toward template molecules.This MIP-TiO2 photocatalyst was characterized by ESEM and XRD,which showed that the imprinted titania was deposited on the nanotube uniformly and was of well-crystalized anatase-type.In the adsorption experiments,MIP-TiO2 exhibited a high adsorption capacity(about 1.6 times higher than that of TiO2 nanotubes) for TC mainly because of its imprinted sites and high surface area.Under UV irradiation MIP-TiO2 showed enhanced photocatalytic activity with an apparent first-order rate constant 1.9-fold that of TiO 2 nanotubes.     

Dripping and evolution behavior of primary slag bearing TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> through the coke packed bed in a blast-furnace hearth

To investigate the flow of primary slag bearing TiO₂ in the cohesive zone of blast furnaces,experiments were carried out based on the laboratory-scale packed bed systems.It is concluded that the initial temperature of slag dripping increases with decreasing FeO content and increasing TiO₂ content.The slag holdup decreases when the FeO content is in the range of 5wt%-10wt%,whereas it increases when the FeO content exceeds 10wt%.Meanwhile,the slag holdup decreases when the TiO₂ content increases from 5wt% to 10wt% but increases when the TiO₂ content exceeds 10wt%.Moreover,slag/coke interface analysis shows that the reaction between FeO and TiO₂ occurs between the slag and the coke.The slag/coke interface is divided into three layers:slag layer,iron-rich layer,and coke layer.TiO₂ in the slag is reduced by carbon,and the generated Ti diffuses into iron.     

Microstructure and improved mechanical properties of ultrafine-grained Mo-12Si-8.5B (at.%) alloys with addition of ZrB2

Multi-hierarchical Mo-12Si-8.5B-x Zr B_2(x=0,0.5,1.0,1.5,2.5 wt%)alloys consisting of three ultrafine-grained(UFG,0.47–0.81μm)phases of Mo_5Si B_2(T2),Mo_3Si and Mo solid solution(α-Mo)were prepared by mechanical alloying following hot pressing.Microstructure observations showed that the intermetallic phases(Mo_3Si and T2)distributed dispersedly in the continuousα-Mo matrix associated with the homogeneously embedded nanoscaled particles(10–225 nm)in the grain interiors and at the grain boundaries.The Mo-12Si-8.5B-x Zr B_2alloys exhibited monotonically increasing compressive strength to 3.13 GPa with increasing content of Zr B_2,and the fracture toughness increased about 27%and reached at 11.5 MPa m~(1/2)at 1.0 wt%Zr B_2,rendering the Mo-12Si-8.5B-1.0 wt%Zr B_2alloy possessing the best combined mechanical properties of high strength and high toughness.The underlying reason for the superior mechanical properties of the Mo-12Si-8.5B-x Zr B_2alloys is that the dispersedly distributed nanosized particles in the UFG multi-phased-matrix can not only effectively block the dislocation motion to increase the strength but also store the dislocations to increase the strain hardening ability during mechanical deformation.     

Effect of TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> on the viscosity and structure of low-fluoride slag used for electroslag remelting of Ti-containing steels

The viscosity of CaF₂-CaO-Al₂O₃-MgO-(TiO₂) slag was measured using a rotating crucible viscometer. Raman spectroscopy analysis was performed to correlate the viscosity to slag structure. The viscosity of the slag was found to decrease with increasing TiO₂ content in the slag from 0 to 9.73wt%. The activation energy decreased from 95.16 kJ/mol to 79.40 kJ/mol with increasing TiO₂ content in the slag. The introduction of TiO₂ into the slag played a destructive role in Al-O-Al structural units and Q4 units by forming simpler structural units of Q2 and Ti₂O₆4- chain. The amount of Al-O-Al significantly decreased with increasing TiO₂ content. The relative fraction of Q4 units in the[AlO₄]5--tetrahedral units shows a decreasing trend, whereas the relative fraction of Q2 units and Ti₂O₆4- chain increases with increasing TiO₂ content accordingly. Consequently, the polymerization degree of the slag decreases with increasing TiO₂ content. The variation in slag structure is consistent with the change in measured viscosity.     

Preparation and characterization of in-site regenerated TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-ACFs photocatalyst

In-site regenerated titanium dioxide-activated carbon fibers (TiO₂-ACFs) photocatalyst was prepared by the sol-gel method. Detailed surface and structural characterization of the TiO₂-ACFs photocatalyst was carried out. The photoactivity of TiO₂-ACFs under ultraviolet irradiation was compared with original ACFs and pure TiO₂ by the degradation of methylene blue aqueous solution. The degradation efficiency by the TiO₂ (5wt%)-ACFs sample is much higher than that by TiO₂ and ACFs. The results show that the photocatalysis by TiO₂-ACFs is a six-step process. The adsorption-transfer-photocatalysis rate of TiO₂-ACFs is higher than the adsorption-photocatalysis rate of TiO₂, so the photocatalysis rate of the TiO₂-ACFs system is higher than that of TiO₂ photocatalyst.     

Interface enhancement of glass fiber/unsaturated polyester resin composites with nano-silica treated using silane coupling agent

Nano-silica treated with different kinds of coupling agent(KH550, A-143, A-151) was used to modify the surface condition of glass fiber, and then, the modified glass fiber/ unsaturated polyester resin(UPR) composites materials were prepared. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM), dynamic mechanical analysis(DMA), and impact test were used to characterize the composite materials' structure and properties. The morphology of composite materials shows that the adhesion between nano-silica and glass fiber is improved when silane coupling agent is added in. The DMA and impact test results show that silane coupling agent(especially KH550 and A-151) could effectively improve the composite's mechanical properties. When the dose of KH550 was 0.1%(m ︰m), the storage modulus and impact strength reached the maximum.     

纤维沥青混凝土动力性能试验研究

采用变截面分离式Hopkinson压杆(Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar,SHPB),对普通沥青混凝土、玻璃纤维沥青混凝土、木质素纤维沥青混凝土和3个掺量的聚酯纤维沥青混凝土进行了3种应变率的冲击压缩试验研究.试验结果与分析表明,沥青混凝土具有应变率增强效应,其动力抗压强度及韧性指标随着应变率的增大而增大;但是,纤维沥青混凝土动力抗压强度及韧性指标增长率随应变率提高有递减趋势;纤维含量对沥青混凝土在动力条件下的动力行为有显著影响,聚酯纤维掺量为0.25%的沥青混凝土动力抗压强度及韧性指标最优;3种纤维都可以增加材料的动力抗压强度及韧性指标,聚酯纤维增强沥青混凝土抗压强度最佳,木质素纤维次之,玻璃纤维最差;聚酯纤维提高沥青混凝土韧性指标最佳,玻璃纤维次之,木质素纤维最差.     

Effects of Gd solutes on hardness and yield strength of Mg alloys

Relative contribution of individual strengthening mechanisms to the yield strength of Mg–0–15 wt%Gd alloys were investigated.Alloys with different grain size were prepared by adding Zr and hot extrusion.Hardness and tensile/compression yield strength were tested on the alloys after solid solution treatment and extrusion.HallPetch constants were calculated with hardness and tensile/compressive data.The results showed that the hardness of Mg–Gd alloys with similar Gd content and different grain size were almost the same,which indicates that grain size had little effect on hardness.The hardness linearly increased with rising Gd content(d H_v/dc≈25 kg mm~(-2)/at%Gd).The tensile and compressive yield strengths enhanced with the increase of Gd content for all alloys in different conditions.In addition,the tensile/compressive(t/c)yield asymmetry of extruded alloys decreased with increasing Gd content.Large t/c yield asymmetry ratio(1.77)was observed for pure Mg,and with increasing Gd content this value decreased to 1.With the increasing of tensile strength,the stress intensity factor,k_y,decreased from 0.27 MPa m~(1/2)for Mg–2 wt%Gd alloy to 0.19 MPa m~(1/2) for Mg–5 wt%Gd alloy,then increased to 0.29 MPa m~(1/2) for Mg–15 wt%Gd alloy.However,k_yincreased linearly form 0.16–0.31 MPa for compression test.The influence of grain size strengthening was eliminated,and the yield strength of tension and compression both linearly increased with c~n,where c is the atom concentration of Gd,and n=1/2 or 2/3.     

Synthesis of dental resins using diatomite and nano-sized SiO2 and TiO2

The mechanical properties of dental composites were improved by porous diatomite and nano-sized silica (OX-50) used as co-fillers.The resin composites,filled with silanized OX-50 and silanized diatomit...     

化学镀银聚酯纤维制备及其导电性能研究

 采用化学镀法在聚酯纤维表面镀覆一层导电银层,采用场发射扫描电镜（FE-SEM）、电子能谱仪（EDS）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）分别对聚酯纤维镀银前后的表面形貌、化学元素组成、银结晶结构进行表征.讨论了乙二胺浓度、AgNO₃浓度、施镀时间和镀液温度对化学镀银聚酯纤维增重率及电阻率的影响,测试化学银镀层与纤维基体的结合牢度和耐腐蚀性.结果表明,最佳工艺条件下,电阻率低至2.31Ω·cm^-1;镀层为高纯度的面心立方结构的单质银;银镀层具有良好的与基体的粘结强度和耐化学腐蚀性能.
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Dissolution of Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>TiO<Subscript>5</Subscript> inclusions in CaO-SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> slags at 1823 K

Al-Ti-O inclusions always clog submerged nozzles in Ti-bearing Al-killed steel. A typical synthesized Al₂TiO₅ inclusion was immersed in a CaO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃ molten slag for different durations at 1823 K. The Al₂TiO₅ dissolution paths and mechanism were revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Decreased amounts of Ti and Al and increased amounts of Si and Ca at the dissolution boundary prove that inclusion dissolution and slag penetration simultaneously occur. SiO₂ diffuses or penetrates the inclusion more quickly than CaO, as indicated by the w(CaO)/w(SiO₂) value in the reaction region. A liquid product (containing 0.7–1.2 w(CaO)/w(SiO₂), 15wt%–20wt% Al₂O₃, and 5wt%–15wt% TiO₂) forms on the inclusion surface when Al₂TiO₅ is dissolved in the slag. Al₂TiO₅ initially dissolves faster than the diffusion rate of the liquid product toward the bulk slag. With increasing reaction time, the boundary reaches its largest distance, the Al₂TiO₅ dissolution rate equals the liquid product diffusion rate, and the dissolution process remains stable until the inclusion is completely dissolved.     

Effect of hydrolysis conditions on hydrous TiO2 polymorphs precipitated from a titanyl sulfate and sulfuric acid solution

The relationship between hydrolysis conditions and hydrous titania polymorphs obtained in a titanyl sulfate and sulfuric acid solution was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The results revealed that the feeding rate of the titanyl sulfate stock solution, the concentration of sulfuric acid, and the seed dosage of rutile crystal could significantly affect the hydrolysis rate, thus influencing the titania crystal phase. Hydrous TiO₂ in the form of rutile, anatase, or the mixture of both could be obtained in solutions of low titanium concentrations and 2.5wt% to 15wt% sulfuric acid at 100°C. When the hydrolysis rate of titanium expressed by TiO₂ was more than or equal to 0.04 g/(L·min), the hydrolysate was almost phase-pure anatase, while the main phase state was rutile when the hydrolysis rate was less than or equal to 0.01 g/(L·min). With the hydrolysis rate between 0.02 and 0.03 g/(L·min), the hydrolysate contained almost equal magnitude of rutile and anatase. It seems that although rutile phase is thermodynamically stable in very acidic solutions, anatase is a kinetically stable phase.     

Phase transformation behavior of titanium during carbothermic reduction of titanomagnetite ironsand

The reduction of titanomagnetite (TTM) ironsand, which contains 11.41wt% TiO₂ and 55.63wt% total Fe, by graphite was performed using a thermogravimetric analysis system under an argon gas atmosphere at 1423–1623 K. The behavior and effects of titanium in TTM ironsand during the reduction process were investigated by means of thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. During the reduction procedure, the titanium concentrated in the slag phase, where the phase transformation followed this sequence: FeO + FeTiO₃ → Fe₂TiO₄ → FeTiO₃ → FeTi₂O₅ → TiO₂. The calculated results for the reduction kinetics showed that the carbothermic reduction was controlled by the diffusion of ions through the product layer. Furthermore, the apparent activation energy was 170.35 kJ·mol-1.     

一步法合成耐久性水基超疏水TiO2/DTMS涂层

为制备具有优异自清洁功能的耐久性水基超疏水涂层，以十二烷基三甲氧基硅烷(n-dodecyltrimethoxysilane, DTMS)为有机改性物，通过一步法在纳米TiO₂表面嫁接长链烷基官能团得到超疏水TiO₂/DTMS涂层。分析了TiO₂涂层及TiO₂/DTMS涂层的表面润湿性、形貌和化学组成，并对所得超疏水TiO₂/DTMS涂层的自清洁性能、机械及化学稳定性进行了测试。结果表明：超疏水TiO₂/DTMS涂层表面水接触角(water contact angle, WCA)达到159°；以亚甲基蓝粉末作模拟污染物，涂覆有超疏水TiO₂/DTMS涂层的玻璃具有优异的自清洁性能；经机械磨损(10 min)、酸碱液(pH=1、3、5、7、9、11、13)浸泡、高低温(−20、30、60、90、120、150 ℃)处理后超疏水TiO₂/DTMS涂层的WCA仍大于150°，表明其具有优异的机械和化学稳定性，可用于室外防污，如建筑物外墙、玻璃、太阳能电池板等。     

Strength Distribution Analysis of Typical Staple Fibers

IntroductionThe mechanical properties of yarns are deter mined bytheir constituent fibers.Consequently,the strength offibers is an i mportant property in deter mining the finalquality of all textile products.Generally,it is al ways truethat the higher the strength of fibers,the higher thestrength of yarns and fabrics.However,because of the variation of fiber strength,the fibers within a yarn will not break at the same ti meunder a tensile load.In fact,break will take place at theweakest fiber…     

Preparation and film-growing mechanism of hydrous zirconia coated on TiO2

To overcome the photochemical activity of rutile used as a pigment and improve its durability in application, hydrous zirconia-coated TiO₂ was prepared by the precipitation method. High-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the morphology and surface structure of hydrous zirconia-coated TiO₂. The ζ-potential and ultraviolet (UV) absorption of both coated and uncoated rutile were examined. The results show that hydrous zirconia can not only improve the durability but also raise the lightness. A suitable ZrO₂ content of hydrous zirconia-coated TiO₂ is about 1.0wt%, and a dense film on the surface of rutile can be formed with better pigmentary properties. Based on the thermodynamic analysis, the zirconia-coating process and the film growth mechanism were discussed.     

一步法合成SO42-/TiO2酸位结构及酯化机理研究

 利用高酸值麻疯树油中游离脂肪酸与甲醇酯化反应作为目标反应,通过直接煅烧工业原料偏钛酸,制得高酯化活性的ST(SO₄^2-/TiO₂)固体酸.FTIR研究表明:ST固体酸具有焦硫酸结构酸位,含有高键级高共价特性S=O.S=O强烈的诱导效应提高了与之相连的配位不饱和钛原子的路易斯酸性,吸水后产生质子酸.随着硫含量增加,质子酸性增加.ST固体酸制备过程中,硫酸根与二氧化钛发生固相反应,硫酸根强键合在二氧化钛表面,同时部分硫酸根分解产生三氧化硫并原位吸附,从而形成固体酸位.ST固体酸通过质子化羧酸、甲醇亲核加成、脱水脱质子机理催化酯化反应.对于麻疯树油中游离脂肪酸与甲醇的酯化反应,酸强度H0介于-12.70与-8.2之间的酸中心具有较好的催化活性.