风险分析与损失评估相结合的北方城市洪涝灾害研究——以郑州市2021年7月特大暴雨洪涝灾害为例

城市洪涝灾害常造成灾难性的生命和财产损失,开展城市洪涝灾害研究对于洪涝灾害防治至关重要.已有研究多从洪涝灾害风险或损失的单方面展开研究,且国内的研究区域多集中在降雨较多的南方城市,近年来北方城市极端暴雨事件频发,而相关研究却较少.该文从洪涝灾害全链路的角度开展研究,构建了城市洪涝灾害风险分析方法及损失评估模型,并以北方城市郑州2021年7月特大暴雨洪涝灾害为例,定性分析洪涝灾害风险的时空分布,定量评估洪涝灾害造成的经济损失,定性与定量相结合对此次洪涝灾害进行了系统研究.结果表明：洪涝灾害风险分析方法与损失评估模型能准确预测分析灾害的发生区域并评估其损失;洪涝灾害的高风险区与高经济损失区域一致.     

基于GIS的江西省洪涝灾害风险区划

以江西省为研究对象,运用自然灾害风险评价的理论和方法,选用灾害诱因、受灾体承灾机能、灾害潜藏环境及防灾减灾效能等四个指标作为综合评价指标,借助GIS平台对江西省洪涝灾害风险性指标进行计算,得出了江西省洪涝灾害风险区划图.结果显示,江西省洪涝灾害风险度较高的县市区主要分布于赣东北地区,风险度较低的县市区主要位于赣南地区及赣西北部分地区.     

基于GIS和模糊评价法的重庆洪涝灾害风险区划

由于特殊的地理位置、地形条件和夏季常见的天气系统，重庆地区洪涝灾害特别是暴雨洪涝频发．在分析重庆地区洪涝灾害气候背景和经济环境的基础上，从灾害发生的成灾环境、灾害发生的可能性、以及承灾体的易损性等三个方面选取了地貌、灾害频率、人口、社会经济的评价因子；应用模糊评价法建立了洪涝灾害孕灾背景、灾害危险性、承灾体易损性等数学模型；在使用有关基础图件和资料的基础上，运用MapIrfo Professional软件，通过对属性数据库和图形数据库的操作得到洪涝灾害的孕灾背景、灾害危险性、承灾体易损性评价图层，再经过图层叠加、斑块合并以及等级划分等操作，最后得到洪涝灾害的风险评估及其区划．     

基于栅格数据的气象灾害风险评估

全球变化背景下,洪涝、干旱、高温热浪和低温冷冻等气象灾害频发,给农业生产和生态环境带来严重损害.气象灾害风险评估与区划是灾害评估与管理的重要内容,本文利用江苏省气象水文数据、基础地理信息数据、社会经济数据、灾害数据,通过分析气象灾害(洪涝、干旱、高温热浪和低温冷冻)致灾因子、孕灾环境因子、承灾体易损性因子和防灾减灾因子等指标,利用GIS技术,建立了江苏省气象灾害风险评估模型,进而对气象灾害进行风险评价与区划.结果表明:(1)高温灾害苏南地区风险最大,苏北地区风险最小;(2)低温灾害风险在省内从北向南递降,高风险区位于苏北地区,低风险区位于苏南地区;(3)洪涝灾害高风险区主要位于苏北地区,淮安、宿迁、连云港以及盐城北部属洪涝灾害的高风险区,镇江、泰州和南通北部属于中风险区,而低风险区主要分布在徐州西部,无锡、苏州以及南通东南部;(4)旱灾风险从苏南向苏北递增,最大区域为宿迁、连云港西部及徐州东部,旱灾风险低值区位于苏州、无锡、镇江、泰州及南通北部.风险区划结果能直观反映出气象灾害的区域性差异,且与致灾因子危险性分布图一致,因此对气象灾害进行全面精准的预报是进行防灾减灾的主体,同时还应采取措施降低孕灾环境的敏感性,成灾体的易损性以及加强防灾减灾能力建设.     

杭州市雷电灾害风险区划及分析

根据浙江省2008—2010年ADTD闪电定位仪资料,首次将平均地闪强度引入雷电灾害风险评估中,结合杭州市的人口经济影响和自然地理要素,选取地闪密度、平均地闪强度、人口密度等16个雷电灾害风险评价指标,采用层次分析法计算各要素权重,从危险性、敏感性、易损性和防灾能力建立雷电灾害风险评估模型,分析雷电灾害的综合风险.从雷电灾害综合风险区划图可以看出,总体上雷电灾害综合风险在杭州市西南地区比较低,近海的东北地区则比较高;杭州市主城区、萧山区、余杭区、临安市和近富春江地区是雷电灾害综合风险较高的区域,低风险的区域主要在杭州中西部地区.对杭州市雷电灾害进行了灾度评价,以验证风险区划的正确性,证实区划结果与实际雷电灾害的发生具有较好的一致性.     

湖南暴雨洪涝灾害损失时空特征及影响因素分析

利用1984—2010年湖南灾情统计资料,对湖南暴雨洪涝灾害损失的时空特征进行了分析,并以年降水量、地区生产总值、人口数、城镇率和建成区面积等为指标,从自然和社会2个方面,初步探究了湖南洪涝灾害格局的影响因素.结果表明:湖南暴雨洪涝灾害整体呈现加重的趋势.洪涝灾害年内分布差异大,夏季最为集中,空间上主要集中在"湘资沅澧"四水流域下游和洞庭湖区.湖南暴雨洪涝灾害损失的变化受自然因素和社会因素共同的影响,从全省来看,损失与年降水量、地区生产总值、人口和城镇率间均表现出显著的正相关,其中前两者尤为显著,作为致灾因子的强降水是造成湖南洪涝灾害发生的直接原因,虽然社会经济的快速发展在一定程度上降低了灾害脆弱性,但同时灾害暴露性的增加更为显著,从而使得湖南暴雨洪涝灾害的损失以及风险呈现上升趋势.     

基于GIS的秦岭暴雨灾害风险评价研究

以陕西秦岭为研究区域,应用16个县、市的DEM地理、气象、社会经济等数据,运用克里格插值法、层次分析法(AHP)和极差标准化等,从致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体脆弱性以及防灾减灾能力等方面建立陕西秦岭地区暴雨灾害风险评价模型;利用GIS软件中的自然断点分类法、去量纲化和栅格计算器分析等方法,进行陕西秦岭地区暴雨灾害风险指数的计算分析.结果表明:汉中市、石泉县、安康市和商南县处在暴雨灾害高风险区,宝鸡市、商州市处在低风险区;将暴雨灾害风险综合指数图与近10年陕西秦岭地区暴雨灾害实际发生情况进行对比,与实际基本吻合,风险评价精度较高,为陕西秦岭地区暴雨灾害预警及防灾减灾提供借鉴.     

杭州市主城区暴雨内涝灾害风险区划

城市暴雨内涝灾害风险区划对减轻城市灾害损失以及提高防洪抗灾能力有着重要的现实意义.从致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体易损性以及防灾减灾能力4个方面出发,在已有洼地积涝提取模型的基础上,采用GIS空间分析技术和模糊综合评价方法,选取内涝灾害频发的杭州主城区进行暴雨内涝灾害风险区划研究,最终生成以30m×30m为基本评价单元的暴雨内涝灾害风险区划图.结果表明,杭州市主城区大部分区域(面积比约为83.12%)风险等级为中等及以下,小部分区域(面积比约为16.88%)风险等级较高,整体表现出较强的空间差异性,呈现出以上城和下城等老城区为中心向外辐射、风险等级逐渐降低的特点,其中富阳区内局部地区由于受地形影响导致风险等级较高.     

基于BP神经网络的洪涝灾害风险评价——以杭埠河流域为例

根据产生洪涝灾害风险的各种因素,从致灾因子、孕灾环境、承灾体和社会承灾能力4个方面,选取年均降雨量、坡度、河网密度、植被覆盖度、土地利用、人口密度等15个评价指标。建立BP神经网络模型,通过指标数据进行训练和检验,对杭埠河流域洪涝灾害风险进行了评价。结果表明,流域东北部洪涝灾害风险高,流域中部洪涝灾害风险属于中等水平,流域西南部洪涝灾害风险低。BP神经网络模型直观、简便具有推广和应用价值。     

基于GIS的酸雨灾害损失评价

酸雨灾害损失评估是酸雨灾害风险评价的重要研究内容,但是目前关于酸雨灾害损失评价指标体系与模型还不够完善,为此提出了酸雨灾害损失评价的方法.方法从自然和社会易损性两个角度出发,选取地理高程,人口密度和土地利用数据为指标,采用加权的叠加分析进行区域酸雨灾害损失评价,得出酸雨灾害损失评价图,并通过实例详细分析了酸雨灾害损失评价方法的应用.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.