抽油机井化学防蜡方式优化

原油中所含的石蜡,它能够形成大晶块蜡,是造成蜡沉积而导致油井堵塞的主要原因。目前国内油田大多采用化学药剂清、防蜡技术,热力清蜡等技术。清防蜡作为油井日常维护的重要工作耗费了大量的人力物力。化学药剂清、防蜡作为油井最主要的清防蜡措施,对于油井的清防蜡效果起着至关重要的作用。因此,优化油井加药方式、提高化学清防蜡的措施效果,对于油井的正常生产将起着积极的指导意义。     

加蓬A油田原油物性研究及防蜡剂评价

 测定了加蓬A油田6口油井油样的蜡含量、倾点、黏度、析蜡点和屈服值等指标.通过测定这些影响原油流变性的关键指标,得出,加蓬A油田的原油为高含蜡、高倾点原油,蜡组分中高碳重质组分权重很大;蜡含量高达34.04%以上,平均倾点为28℃,平均析蜡点为47.5℃,平均屈服值为159.11Pa.防蜡剂FLO-1在加量为100×10^-4时,对TST-B09H井油样的防蜡率可以达到91.86％,对于NZOB-Z05H井油样可以达到81.47%.这为加蓬原油的开采、运输、加工等提供了有效的基础数据,也为油井现场清防蜡工作,特别是对化学清防蜡剂的筛选提供直接的理论支持.     

轻质油蜡样分析和固体防蜡剂的研制

针对我国西部部分油田油井结蜡而存在的生产实际问题,现场采集了油井的结蜡样品,运用X射线粉末衍射、红外光谱和扫描电镜等对采集蜡样进行了分析研究,得出蜡样中含有芳烃、正构烷烃和沥青质等相对大的颗粒物质。根据蜡样的特点,在室内对固体防蜡剂的主剂和助剂等进行了优选和复配,最终研制出了适用于轻质油油井防蜡用的固体防蜡剂。运用自制的实验装置对该固体防蜡剂在原油中的各种性能进行了室内研究,得出该固体防蜡剂的溶解速度分别为1.094mg/L?min-1（50℃）、2.112mg/L?min-1（55℃）、4.925mg/L?min-1（60℃）时,防蜡效果较好,当其达到一定浓度时,防蜡率超过50%。并通过评价结果分析研究了防蜡剂产生效果的机理,同时得出了在油田现场实际施工时要注意井深情况的结论。     

油基清蜡剂性能研究

为了研制出溶蜡性能好、密度高的油基清蜡剂 ,在考察了 2 3种溶剂后发现 ,单一的油基溶剂都难以达到清蜡剂的要求。但研究发现 ,所收集的高密度的重溶剂油和低密度的轻质油在溶蜡性能方面具有协同效应。以体积分数为 0 .6的轻质油和体积分数为 0 .4的重溶剂油 2 # 组成的油基清蜡剂 ,其密度达 0 .97g/cm3 ,溶蜡速率达 0 .0 37g/min ,材料成本低于 2 80 0元 /t。制备这种油基清蜡剂的乳状液时可选择氢氧化钠部分中和油酸作乳化剂。当乳化剂的质量分数为 0 0 1时 ,所配成的乳状液的稳定时间可达 2 4h。     

微生物清防蜡技术研究及应用

利用从大庆含蜡原油中分离、纯化得到的微生物清防蜡菌种和高产表活剂菌种,经鉴定清防蜡菌种和高产表活剂菌种均为芽孢杆菌属.以菌种对固体石蜡的降解率为指标,按照不同的比例将清防蜡菌种和高产表活剂菌种混合接种.当清防蜡菌种与高产表活剂菌种的复配比例是5∶3时,培养7d后,清蜡率达到59%,防蜡率达到57.4%,原油粘度降粘率为44.7%,原油凝固点降低了3.4℃,培养液表面张力降低46.5%.采用微生物清防蜡技术对大庆外围榆树林油田的3口井进行现场试验,井12-36日产油增长41.2%,洗井周期由40d延长至149d,减少洗井次数4次;井13-39日产油增长33.3%,洗井周期由45d延长至158d,减少洗井次数5次;井14-43日产油增长37.5%,洗井周期由30d延长至122d,减少洗井次数5次.     

油基清蜡剂性能研究

为了研制出溶蜡性能好、密度高的油基清蜡剂,在考察了23种溶剂后发现,单一的油基溶剂都难以达到清蜡剂的要求。但研究发现,所收集的高密度的重溶剂油和低密度的轻质油在溶蜡性能方面具有协同效应。以体积分数为0.6的轻质油和体积分数为0.4的重溶剂油2^#组成的油基清蜡剂,其密度达0.97g／cm^3,溶蜡速率达0.037g／min,材料成本低于2800元／t。制备这种油基清蜡剂的乳状液时可选择氢氧化钠部分中和油酸作乳化剂。当乳化剂的质量分数为0．01时,所配成的乳状液的稳定时间可达24h。     

固体药剂清防蜡技术应用

本文简单论述了影响油井结蜡的主要因素和油井清防蜡常用技术,并重点介绍了固体药剂清防蜡技术的原理、结构。本文调查、分析了油井清防蜡现状,筛选出产量较低、井筒液体温度低、原油粘度低、含蜡量高的部分油井在现场进行了固体药剂清防蜡实验。通过具体的实验应用,对效果进行了分析,与常规热洗、井口加药相比较,得出了相关结论。     

剪切和降凝剂作用对含蜡原油流变性的影响

为了研究管输过程中降凝剂及管流的剪切作用对含蜡原油的流变性的影响,在不同剪切速率下对加降粘剂与未加降粘剂的原油进行了对比实验.研究表明,降凝剂作用和剪切作用都能使蜡晶的形状、大小以及结构等发生变化从而影响原油的流变性能,剪切作用和降凝剂作用对含蜡原油的流变性存在交互性影响.油样凝点由加剂前的16℃降低到加剂后的-10℃,降低了26℃;未加剂油样反常点温度为30℃,加剂油样的反常温度为26℃,降低了4℃;加剂前后油样析蜡点的温度基本没有变化;相同温度相同剪切速率下所测两油样粘度值差别比较大,总体上未加剂油样的粘度比加剂油样的粘度低.剪切作用对未加剂油样流变性能的影响明显大于对加剂原油流变性的影响;剪切作用对加剂原油流变性能的影响程度跟剪切速率和剪切温度有很大关系;加剂原油粘度下降幅度随剪切作用的增强而逐渐减小,当剪切作用超过一定范围时,对加剂原油粘度将不再产生影响.     

基于激光法的含气高含蜡原油熔蜡规律

为获得高含蜡原油溶蜡规律,同时进一步探索含气原油溶蜡特征,采用了显微观测法和激光法进行实验。首先通过显微观测法获得了升温过程中蜡晶变化特征;其次采用激光法对脱气原油进行了测试并与显微观测法进行对比联系,验证了激光法的可靠性;最后采用基于Beer-Lambert定律的激光衰减曲线获得了含气原油溶蜡点以及升温过程中蜡含量、平均等积圆平均直径和颗粒宽度系数等参数的变化特征。实验结果表明:脱气原油蜡晶升温溶解过程以凝固点为界可划分为慢速和快速两个溶解阶段;原油溶蜡特征与不同碳数的正链烷烃熔点有着密切联系,质量累积计分数曲线上97%所对应的烷烃熔点接近或高于实测原油溶蜡点,质量累积计分数曲线相近的原油溶蜡点相同;含气原油凝固点比地面条件下脱气原油低约7℃,溶蜡点低约2. 5℃,并且凝固点后含蜡量以平均0. 15%/℃的快速下降,后稳定在0. 076～0. 087%/℃。该研究可以预估和评价不同温度、压力下原油黏度以及清蜡速率,避免保守设计带来的经济损失。     

基于激光法的含气高含蜡原油溶蜡规律

为获得高含蜡原油溶蜡规律,同时进一步探索含气原油溶蜡特征,采用了显微观测法和激光法进行实验。首先通过显微观测法获得了升温过程中蜡晶变化特征;其次采用激光法对脱气原油进行了测试并与显微观测法进行对比联系,验证了激光法的可靠性;最后采用基于Beer-Lambert定律的激光衰减曲线获得了含气原油溶蜡点以及升温过程中蜡含量、平均等积圆平均直径和颗粒宽度系数等参数的变化特征。实验结果表明：脱气原油蜡晶升温溶解过程以凝固点为界可划分为慢速和快速两个溶解阶段;原油溶蜡特征与不同碳数的正链烷烃熔点有着密切联系,质量累积计分数曲线上97%所对应的烷烃熔点接近或高于实测原油溶蜡点,质量累积计分数曲线相近的原油溶蜡点相同;含气原油凝固点比地面条件下脱气原油低约7℃,溶蜡点低约2.5℃,并且凝固点后含蜡量以平均0.15%/℃的快速下降,后稳定在0.076~0.087%/℃。该研究可以预估和评价不同温度、压力下原油粘度以及清蜡速率,避免保守设计带来的经济损失。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.