盐穴地下储气库库址地质评价与建库区优选

盐穴地下储气库具有注采率高、短期吞吐量大、垫层气量低并可完全回收等优点。随着中国天然气工业的不
断发展,更多的盐穴地下储气库将建成并投入运行,在天然气储备与调峰中发挥重要作用。中国天然气地下储气库建
设相对滞后,目前已建成投产的盐穴储气库只有1 座,尚未形成系统的盐穴储气库库址评价优选及方法,严重制约了
中国盐穴储气库的发展建设。以金坛储气库为例,从构造特征、盐层发育情况、盐层埋深、盐层厚度、盐岩品位、盖层
性质及厚度、密封性等方面,系统、定量的阐述盐穴地下储气库库址的优选评价指标,旨在为中国盐穴储气库库址的优
选和评价提供可行方法和理论依据,对中国盐穴储气库的建设和发展具有深远的战略意义。     

盐穴储气库溶腔夹层应力分布规律

 针对层状盐岩地层水溶造腔过程中不溶性夹层的破坏坍塌现象,建立了夹层力学分析模型,应用小挠度薄板弯曲理论求解,得到了夹层剖面内各应力分量的分布规律。对夹层破坏坍塌条件进行分析,给出了一种计算夹层极限跨度的方法。研究成果为盐穴储气库水溶造腔过程中夹层破坏坍塌的预测提供了理论依据和有效的计算方法。     

含夹层盐岩椭球储气库极限压力

地下盐岩储气库在调峰和保障供气安全上具有不可替代的作用,确定合理的储气库极限压力具有重要意义。针对盐岩椭球储气库极限压力问题,以某地下盐岩储气库为工程背景,基于Mohr-Coulomb抗剪破坏准则、上限和下限压力判定准则,以大型商业有限元软件ABAQUS为平台,对不同椭球储气库腔体形状尺寸的极限压力问题进行数值模拟研究,探讨盐岩夹层黏聚力和抗拉强度变化对椭球储气库极限压力的影响。结果表明:随着椭球形腔体长短轴之比减小,储气库上限压力随之增大,而下限压力由于采用的本构模型不同,无显著变化规律。当夹层黏聚力和抗拉强度变化时,同一储气库极限压力基本不变。在上限压力作用下不同储气库的塑性破坏区域发生在腔体顶部盐岩层;而下限压力作用下,夹层破坏区域基本不变,夹层的存在对椭球储气库极限压力影响不明显。     

盐岩水平储气库的相似模拟建腔和长期稳定性分析

利用地下盐穴作为油气储库是一种常见的方法。但由于中国地下盐矿层状盐岩居多,特点是单层厚度薄,不溶物含量高,因此单井造腔腔型控制难度大,造腔速度慢。根据双井对流建库方法,通过实验模拟建造的水平盐穴为模型基础,依据湖北云应地区盐矿地质条件和盐岩的物理力学性质,数值模拟其在不同埋深情况下建造后腔体长期运行体积收缩情况。通过实验发现采用双井对流造腔方法建设储气库是可行的,腔体的形状可以通过流量和油液分界面来控制。对地下盐岩水平储气库的岩石长期蠕变模拟发现,水平储气库随着埋深越大相同蠕变期内条件下腔体的体积收缩率和腔体周边塑性变形区体积也越大,同时使用寿命也越短。     

盐穴储气库水溶造腔工艺优化研究与现场应用

盐穴储气库在天然气行业所占比重越来越大，金坛储气库作为国内第一座投产的盐穴储气库，经过工程建设实践发现，很多溶腔工艺存在较大的优化空间。通过分析储气库水溶造腔流程，对造腔过程中涉及到的提高造腔效率，减小造腔耗能以及盐层最大化利用进行分析，提出了水溶造腔的优化工艺：采用反循环造腔大幅度增加排卤盐度，减小井下作业次数缩短不必要的停井时间以加快水溶造强进程，安装光纤界面仪实现阻溶剂界面的实时监控，优化注水量大幅度减小能耗，处理厚夹层以及整体扩容腔体对盐层进行最大化利用。     

盐穴储气库夹层力学简化模型研究

笔者针对盐穴储气库溶腔夹层的受力与破坏特征,运用应用梁的弯曲理论,建立了夹层简化力学模型,并应用该模型进行了求解,得到了夹层剖面内弯曲剪应力和弯曲正应力分量的分布规律,计算结果与应用小挠度薄板弯曲理论计算结果基本一致。但应用本文所建简化力学模型求解时,不依赖于夹层弹性模量和泊松比。研究成果为盐穴储气库溶腔夹层的力学分析提供了一种简单有效的计算方法,方便现场应用。     

盐穴储气库垫底气利用方案研究

为保证盐穴的安全,盐穴储气库运行过程中留有垫底气,这是盐穴储气库的特点之一,也是盐穴储气库的缺点。为充分利用盐穴储气库的垫底气,首先介绍了紧急工况下的最小运行压力概念,并给出基于屈服-扩容-破坏复合强度理论的设计准则,该方法能够采出部分垫底气;其次,为了置换出全部的垫底气,提出饱和卤水置换盐穴储气库垫底气的技术方案,该方案能够置换出全部的垫底气,但该方案需要大量的饱和卤水;然后,提出采用高压空气置换盐穴储气库垫底气,利用饱和卤水作为隔离介质,高压空气推动饱和卤水,饱和卤水推动天然气来置换出全部垫底气,该方案仅需一口溶腔的饱和卤水作为隔离介质,就可以用空气置换出全部的垫底气,但置换效率受制于液体的流动速度;最后介绍了一种内胆式盐穴储气库,该型储气库为无垫底气式储气库,能够高效采出全部的天然气,并能保持盐穴内压在一个较高的压力水平,有利于盐穴的稳定,能够延长其使用年限。     

盐岩地下储库运行期失效概率分析

基于响应面法,以有限元为基础,将极限状态曲面近似表示为随机变量的显式,结合蒙特卡罗方法提高失效概率的计算效率;储库整体属于串并联结构体系,根据失效准则确定失效概率最大的单元,以此为基础确定系统的失效模式,计算体系失效概率及可靠度。以金坛盐岩地下储气库为例,计算结果表明腔体中部失效概率随储气内压增大逐渐减小,内压达到一定数值时失效概率又逐渐增大;腔体上部及下部失效概率随内压增大逐渐增大。运行条件下,储库失效主要为内压较大时上部及下部结构的剪切失效。因此,运行过程中应对储气内压严格控制。     

金坛盐穴储气库腔体偏溶特征分析

国内可用于盐穴储气库建设的盐矿以层状盐岩为主,造腔过程中普遍存在腔体偏溶现象,研究其特征及成因对国内以后盐穴储气库的建设具有一定的借鉴作用。以国内第一个盐穴储气库金坛储气库为研究对象,基于声呐测腔数据,提出了以偏溶系数,即腔体最大半径与同一平面最小半径的比值,来定量表征腔体的偏溶程度,最大半径方向即为腔体偏溶方向。统计结果表明,金坛储气库腔体偏溶系数1.13~11.88,偏溶方向以北东南西向为主。结合夹层、可造腔盐层厚度和地应力数据,分析了腔体偏溶发生的原因,认为造腔过程中夹层的不均匀垮塌可促使腔体发生偏溶;可造腔盐层厚度越大,腔体发生偏溶的可能性就越大,偏溶程度就越严重;地应力方向对腔体的偏溶方向具有重要影响。     

考虑储气库裂隙储层分形特点的天然气渗流规律分析

考虑储气库裂隙介质分形特点以及临界运移饱和度的影响,根据两相不稳定渗流理论和分形理论,将裂隙储层介质分形参数引入到相对渗透率的预测,建立了储层相对渗透率与裂隙尺寸、典型单元体尺寸、毛管压力之间的关系;并分析了高含水衰竭油气藏裂隙储层改建储气库后的渗流规律及井底压力变化规律。采用计算模型与三维渗流模型所得计算结果进行了对比分析,并研究了分形维数、典型单元体尺寸、裂隙尺寸比、储层厚度、注气速率、排水速率对储气库井底压力的影响。计算结果表明:采用的计算模型考虑了裂隙储层的分形特点,具有较高的计算精度,可以满足实际工程计算需求;气相相对渗透率随着分形维数的增大而增大,水相相对渗透率随着分形维数的增大而减小;储气库井底压力随着裂隙介质分形维数、储层厚度、排水速率的增大而减小;随着典型单元体尺寸、裂隙尺寸比、注气速率的增大而增大。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.