低湿度下质子交换膜燃料电池的交流阻抗分析

采用Nafion(112膜制备膜电极(MEA)并对质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)进行了无外增湿条件下E-I极化曲线和电化学交流阻抗谱(EIS)的测试。对比分析了20和55℃时的交流阻抗谱图,结果表明不同温度下EIS中代表质子传导电阻的Rhf值和电荷转移电阻的Rct值有明显不同,低电流密度下的Rhf值和E-I极化曲线上的欧姆极化区具有更好的一致性。电池在15 mA.cm-2的恒电流密度下放电时,随着温度升高Rhf值和Rct值都相继增大,其中Rhf值随温度升高有显著变化,是导致PEMFC在操作温度超过45℃时性能降低的主要因素。     

Ca2+对质子交换膜燃料电池性能的影响

质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)长期运行过程中,其部件因损伤产生的杂质金属离子对燃料电池的电化学性能有重要影响。模拟PEMFC中Ca2+污染燃料电池工况,研究了Ca2+对PEMFC电化学性能的影响。实验结果表明:随着污染时间的增加,燃料电池性能逐渐衰减,当污染时间超过9 h,电池电压急剧降低;在高电流密度区(电流密度>400 mA/cm2),电压衰减最明显。在500 mA/cm2电流密度下恒电流放电2 h后,电压降低了41%。Ca2+的存在及其积累对质子交换膜燃料电池有明显的毒化作用。     

二次吹扫条件下的PEMFC冷启动实验

通过使用干空气二次吹扫的方式对稳定工作后的质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)单电池进行除水处理,考察了单电池经过吹扫除水操作后的除水量以及内阻变化过程,并研究了单电池经过吹扫除水处理后的常温启动性能以及-10℃下的冷启动性能.实验研究发现:单电池经过干空气二次吹扫处理后,可以在较短时间内经济有效地移除电池内的水,同时单电池的内阻升高.单电池经过干空气二次吹扫后常温启动性能下降,且随二次吹扫流量的增加而加剧,但未造成不可恢复的性能损失.适当的二次吹扫流量可以使电池成功冷启动.吹扫除水策略是优化PEMFC冷启动性能的关键因素之一.     

燃料电池电堆停机吹扫及低温冷启动性能的试验研究

搭建了燃料电池电堆吹扫及低温冷启动测试系统,研究燃料电池停机吹扫电堆初始温度、吹扫时间、吹扫气体等因素对电堆欧姆阻值的影响,研究不同初始含水量对低温冷启动性能的影响.试验结果表明,初始温度越高,电堆欧姆阻值升高越快;相比于单侧气体吹扫,氢气和空气同时吹扫是燃料电池最优的气体吹扫方式;适当降低质子交换膜燃料电池初始含水量有利于减少启动时间,改善启动性能.     

熔盐法处理废旧聚丙烯腈纤维制备超级电容器碳材料及性能表征

以废旧纺织品聚丙烯腈为碳源,在氯化锌-氯化钾熔盐体系一步碳化活化制备超级电容器碳材料.通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、比表面分析仪等物理测试方法对材料进行结构、形貌和孔隙表征.并利用电化学工作站在三电极体系下对制备的碳材料进行循环伏安(CV)、恒流充放电(GCD)和交流阻抗(EIS)测试.结果表明,通过在空气中200℃稳定化10 h、氯化锌-氯化钾熔盐体系中800℃下炭化2 h制备的活性炭具有较大的比表面积和发达的孔结构,作为超级电容器电极材料展现出优异的电化学性能.在0. 25 A/g电流密度下最大比电容达319 F/g;在电流密度高达10 A/g下,比电容仍保留62. 7%.经过5 000次充放电循环性能测试,容量保持率可达82. 6%.     

开路电压工况下燃料电池膜电极耐久性研究

采用开路电压(OCV)工况研究了质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)膜电极的耐久性,在OCV工况运行过程中,定期地通过极化曲线、电化学交流阻抗谱(EIS)、线性扫描伏安法(LSV)、短路电阻测试等在线测试方法对膜电极性能进行分析。当OCV工况运行结束后,采用扫描电镜(SEM)、离子色谱对质子交换膜(PEM)厚度和阴、阳极废水进行分析。结果表明,在OCV工况下运行115h后,PEMFC的开路电压由1.013V下降到0.794V,最大功率密度由538.8mW/cm~2下降到196mW/cm~2;在线电化学测试结果表明,欧姆电阻先减小后增大,氢气渗透通量逐渐增大,短路电阻逐渐减小;离子色谱测试结果表明,阴极和阳极废水中都存在氟离子;SEM表征发现,PEM厚度减小;在OCV工况下,PEM发生了衰减,从而导致PEMFC开路电压下降和性能衰减。研究结果表明PEM是影响膜电极耐久性的重要因素。     

适用于质子交换膜燃料电池的H2中H2S浓度阈值控制研究

利用耐受性曲线、极化曲线、循环伏安等电化学测试手段,分别考察了H2中ψ(H2S)分别为0.25×10-6、0.5×10-6、0.75×10-6、1.0×10-6、1.25×10-6、1.5×10-6以及5.0×10-6时对质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)性能的影响.分析PEMFC性能达到相同的下降程度时通入H2S的量与其浓度之间的关系,通过拟合计算,得出H2中ψ(H2S)的合理控制范围为小于等于0.2×10-6.通过比较不同浓度H2S影响下的耐受性曲线,可以看出H2S在Pt表面的吸附具有累积性,即使ψ(H2S)低于0.2×10-6,其长时间的影响也会造成电池性能的下降.因此,如果单从控制H2中H2S浓度的角度来维持电池性能并不理想,还需要定期对电池性能进行恢复.比较了循环伏安法和空气吹扫法对电池性能的影响,这两种方法可分别使电池的性能恢复到初始状态的97%和95%,但是空气吹扫法更易于在车载条件下实现.     

质子交换膜燃料电池带载吹扫实验研究

通过实验对质子交换膜燃料电池单电池的停机吹扫过程开展研究。基于带载吹扫的方式研究带载电流、吹扫流量、单电池温度对吹扫的影响。研究结果表明：带载吹扫能有效地降低单电池吹扫时的电压，带载电流越大单电池初始电压越低，且随着吹扫时间的增加电池电压持续降低，可有效避免单电池长时间处于高电位。此外，增大吹扫气体流量、提高电池温度均可提高吹扫的速率，且两者对吹扫速率影响较明显。在实验条件下，阳极进气流量0.34 L/min，阴极进气流量1.32 L/min，带载电流密度0.04 A/cm²，能够同时满足吹扫时间较短、氢气消耗量较少和吹扫时电池电压较低的吹扫目标。     

锂离子电池用LiPF_6/PC+FEC电解液的低温性能

研究氟代碳酸乙烯酯(fluoroethylene carbonate,FEC)添加剂对锂离子电池用碳酸丙烯酯(PC)基电解液低温放电性能和常温循环性能的影响,并通过电化学阻抗谱(EIS)、X线光电子能谱(XPS)以及气质联用谱(GC-MS)等对FEC在PC基电解液中的作用机理进行探讨。研究结果表明:往PC电解液中添加质量分数为5%的FEC可以在石墨电极表面形成完整且致密的SEI膜,从而有效阻止PC在负极石墨的共嵌入;电池在低温-20℃及-40℃下0.5C放电容量分别可达到室温容量的98%及87%;FEC形成的SEI膜有效降低了锂离子电池的低温电荷转移阻抗,是提高电池低温性能的主要因素之一;FEC在正极钴酸锂材料表面形成了导电性能优异的SEI膜层,改善了锂离子电池的低温性能和常温循环性能。     

纳米K-OMS-5电极材料的制备与电化学性能

在25℃下,以KMnO_4、KOH和MnCl_2为反应物,利用液相氧化还原法制备δ-MnO_2,然后以所制备的δ-MnO_2和KOH为前驱体,在180℃水热下反应2d,合成纳米K-OMS-5(钾-八面体分子筛);分别采用X射线衍射光谱、扫描电镜和热重分析等物理方法对晶体结构、表面形貌及其热稳定性进行表征;用循环伏安、恒流充放电和交流阻抗等电化学方法研究其电化学性能.结果表明,纳米K-OMS-5材料在相同的扫描速率或电流密度下比电容的大小关系为K_2SO_4Na_2SO_4Li_2SO_4,且在0.5mol·L-1 K2SO4电解液中的2 000次循环充放电中展现出了良好的循环稳定性,这或许为K-OMS-5材料在电化学电容器中的应用提供了一种有前景.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.     

Tracking data management using topology of moving object database system for moving object constrained trajectory in LBS application

Advances in wireless technologies and positioning technologies and spread of wireless devices, an interest in LBS (Location Based Service) is arising. To provide location based service, tracking data should have been stored in moving object database management system (called MODBMS) with proper policies and managed efficiently. So the methods which acquire the location information at regular time intervals then, store and manage have been studied. In this paper, we suggest tracking data management techniques using topology that is corresponding to the moving path of moving object. In our techniques, we update the MODBMS when moving object arrived at a street intersection or a curved road which is represented as the node in topology and predict the location at past and future with attribute of topology and linear function. In this technique, location data that are corresponding to the node in topology are stored, thus reduce the number of update and amount of data. Also in case predicting the location,because topology are used as well as existing location information, accuracy for prediction is increased than applying linear function or spline function.