长江中上游结合带喀斯特小流域夏季水化学特征——以宜昌下牢溪为例

河流的水化学组成受自然因素和人为因素的综合影响,研究河流水化学特征有助于了解流域内物质循环及人类活动的干扰情况.针对长江中上游结合带喀斯特小河流下牢溪,于2019年6月至8月间进行了八大离子及相关环境因子的采样及监测.结果表明:下牢溪水化学类型为HCO_3~--Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)型,HCO_3~-占阴离子总当量浓度的85.59%,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)分别占阳离子总当量浓度的48.96%和48.79%.相较于长江流域内其他喀斯特河流,下牢溪具有更高的HCO_3~-和Mg~(2+)浓度水平.河流水化学组成主要受到岩石风化控制,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、HCO_3~-主要来源于白云岩、石灰岩的溶解,Na~+、K~+、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-主要来自于生活污水和农业面源的输入.下牢溪Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、HCO_3~-浓度自上游向下游逐渐降低,而Na~+、K~+、Cl~-和SO_4~(2-)浓度呈现往下游方向递增的趋势,下牢溪中下游受人为活动影响更为明显.     

滇东高原煤矿聚集区扎外河流域水化学特征及演化规律

采煤废水是影响中国水环境的重要因素之一,研究其对岩溶小流域水化学特征及演化的影响,可以为流域水资源开发利用和水污染防治提供科学依据。通过数理统计、离子比例系数、Piper三线图和Gibbs图等方法,分析了扎外河流域水化学特征及主要物质来源。结果表明:矿坑水水化学类型为SO_4-Ca和HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Na型,碳酸盐岩岩溶水和碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩岩溶水水化学类型主要为HCO_3-Ca和HCO_3-Ca·Mg型,而受采煤废水影响,地表水由HCO_3-Ca型过渡为HCO_3·SO_4-Ca和HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Na型。碳酸盐岩风化是研究区Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、HCO_3~-离子的主要来源;SO_4~(2-)离子则主要源于煤系地层黄铁矿的氧化和碳酸盐岩地层中石膏的溶解;硅酸盐风化是Na~+的主要来源,岩盐的溶解和阳离子交换作用也对Na~+有部分贡献。因子分析进一步表明,H_2CO_3和H_2SO_4参与的碳酸盐岩风化、农业活动、硅酸盐风化和阳离子交换作用综合控制了研究区水化学特征。矿业活动不仅改变了天然水体的水化学组分,还不同程度影响了流域内岩石的风化溶解过程。     

青岛西海岸新区地下水水化学特征及水质评价

为了解青岛西海岸新区地下水水化学特征及地下水质量,选取2017年35个地下水水质监测数据,综合运用数理统计、水化学、模糊综合评价以及因子分析等方法进行研究。结果表明:研究区地下水中Ca~(2+)、Na~+、HCO■、SO■相对含量较高,阴离子呈HCO■SO■NO■Cl~-的关系,阳离子浓度存在Ca~(2+)Na~+Mg~(2+)K~+的关系。地下水水样pH均值7.22,呈弱碱性;TDS含量100.20～1 498.60 mg/L,均值421.40 mg/L;TH均值248.23 mg/L,为硬水。地下水水化学类型主要为HCO_3·SO_4·Cl-Na·Ca、HCO_3·SO_4-Ca、HCO_3-Ca、HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg、HCO_3·Cl-Na·Ca、HCO_3-Na·Ca,水岩作用是地下水水化学组分的主要控制因素。基于内梅罗指数法和模糊综合评价法进行水质评价,认为研究区地下水水质整体较差。基于因子分析法对研究区地下水进行污染源解析,共提取4个主因子,累积方差贡献率73.747%公因子,其中F_1解析为来自农业生产活动,F_2主要与地质因素有关,F_3表征为生活污水排放,F_4代表工业生产活动,其贡献率分别为:35.697%、15.148%、12.131%和10.771%。     

焦作市春季大气降水化学特征及来源研究

为研究典型矿业城市焦作市春季大气降水水化学特征及来源信息,选取具有代表性的采样点5个,采集大气降水水样30个,测试大气降水中主要离子成分.研究表明,焦作市降水阳离子的浓度变化规律为NH_4~+Ca~(2+)Mg~(2+)K~+Na~+,阴离子的变化规律为SO_4~(2-)NO_3~-Cl~-F~-. NH_4~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、Cl~-是降水中主要的离子占离子总量的87.08%,且降雨对其有一定的冲刷作用.降水中Ca~(2+)、NH_4~+、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-贡献比率变化表明随着降雨时间的持续NO_3~-酸化的作用逐渐增强,Ca~(2+)的中和作用也逐渐增强.相关性分析表明典型碱性阳离子Ca~(2+)、NH_4~+、Mg~(2+)和典型致酸阴离子SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-的相关性显著.在降水过程中发生酸性物质与碱性物质间的中和反应,硝酸盐和硫酸盐是降水中主要的致酸物质,NH_4~+、Ca~(2+)作为主要的阳离子,对降水中的酸性物质有着较强的中和能力.富集因子表明Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、K~+绝大部分来自地壳源,Cl~-的42.6%来自海洋源,57%来自人为源;SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-来自人为源的输入.     

青海湖沙柳河流域夏季河水和地下水水化学特征

河水和地下水的水化学特征能够反映流域水环境的特点和水质情况.本文以青海湖沙柳河流域为研究区,选取夏季典型月份进行了河水和地下水样品采集及可溶性离子含量的测定,对青海湖沙柳河流域夏季河水和地下水的离子含量特征、水化学类型、离子来源和灌溉适宜性进行了研究.结果显示:(1)青海湖沙柳河流域夏季河水和地下水的pH平均值分别为7.59和7.12,电导率(EC)平均值分别为365.17μs·cm~(-1)和592.93μs·cm~(-1);河水和地下水的阳离子平均浓度顺序依次为Ca~(2+)Mg~(2+)Na~+K~+Li~+NH_4~+,阴离子平均浓度顺序为HCO_3~-SO_4~(2-)Cl~-NO_3~-NO_2~-F~-.Piper三线图结果显示该流域夏季河水和地下水水化学类型均以HCO_3-Ca·Mg和HCO_3-Ca型为主.(2)Gibbs图结果显示,夏季河水和地下水Na~+/(Na~++Ca~(2+))质量浓度比值范围为0.03～0.62,Cl~-/(Cl~-+HCO_3~-)质量浓度比值范围为0.01～0.18,表明岩石风化作用是控制整个沙柳河流域夏季河水和地下水水化学组分的主要因素.(3)青海湖沙柳河流域夏季河水和地下水钠百分比(Na~+%)平均值均为15%,钠吸附比(SAR)平均值分别为0.37和0.46,表明该流域夏季河水和地下水很适宜灌溉.     

膏盐层下石膏晶洞水化学特征的环境指示意义

选取具有典型意义的膏盐层下石膏晶洞内滴水、池水以及大气降水、土壤水作为研究背景,分析其水化学成分特征及迁移过程得出:石膏晶洞水化学参数K~+、Na~+、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、HCO_3~-、TDS的含量分别介于0.45~7.22、0.4~3.92、20.27~310.45、70~338、0.38~3.37、81.31~958.12、73.2~207.4、562~1 780 mg/L之间,各离子质量浓度均值进一步表明区域内SO_4~(2-)、TDS质量浓度很高;而K~+、Na~+、Cl~-质量浓度很低;时间序列上,研究区地下水化学类型主要分为5种类型:CaHCO_3型水、Ca-SO_4型水、Ca-Mg-SO_4型水、Ca-Mg-HCO_3型水、Ca-Mg-SO_4-HCO3型水,其中以Ca-SO_4型水为主。同时由总硬度、TDS、水温、pH得出,研究区属弱碱性低矿化度(微)硬水;由降水至洞穴池水水化学类型为:Ca-HCO_3型水至Ca-Mg-SO_4型水。各离子含量变化主要受地层岩性的控制。其次可能受溶滤作用、蒸发浓缩作用、盐效应、阳离子交替吸附作用以及氧化还原作用影响。     

拉萨河谷地区孔隙地下水水化学特征及水文地球化学模拟

为研究拉萨河谷地区地下水水化学特征及演化规律,综合运用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs图等进行水化学分析,并运用PHREEQC软件进行水文地球化学反向模拟。结果表明:拉萨河谷地区地下水主要阳离子呈Ca~(2+)Mg~(2+)Na~+K~+的关系,阴离子则存在HCO_3~-SO_4~(2-)Cl~-NO_3~-的关系;拉萨河谷地区与堆龙曲河谷地区地下水水化学组分具有一定的差异性,且地下水水化学类型均以HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg为主,水岩作用是地下水水化学组分的主要控制因素。堆龙曲模拟路径发生了斜长石和伊利石的连续溶解,绿泥石的连续沉淀;盐岩先沉淀后溶解,石膏先溶解后沉淀;石英先发生沉淀,后未参与反应;CO_2先逸出,后又溶解。拉萨河路径发生了绿泥石连续沉淀,斜长石开始未参与反应,后发生了溶解;盐岩、石膏、石英和伊利石发生了先溶解后沉淀,CO_2则发生了先溶解后逸出。两条路径都发生了阳离子交换作用,地下水的演化受矿物相的溶解沉淀以及阳离子交换作用的共同影响。     

新汴河水化学特征及其成因分析

以新汴河为研究对象,通过对新汴河中常规离子采用离子色谱法进行测定,利用Piper三线图和Gibbs图对新汴河水进行分析得到新汴河的水化学特征,结果表明:(1)新汴河K~+和HCO3-浓度变化较小,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Na~+、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)浓度在引河汇入处发生阶跃变化,其中Mg~(2+)、Na~+、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)浓度在引河汇入后明显减小,而Ca~(2+)在引河汇入后明显增大。(2)新汴河TDS变化与Mg~(2+)、Na~+、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)浓度变化具有很强的相关性。(3)新汴河以引河为界,上游段和下游段离子组分存在较大差异,上游段水化学类型为Na~+-HCO_3~--SO_4~(2-)-Cl~-型,下游段水化学类型为Na~+-Ca~(2+)-HCO_3~-型,而引河水化学类型为Ca~(2+)-Na~+-HCO_3~-型,新汴河上、下游段水化学类型发生变化的原因是由引河水的汇入引起的。     

宿县矿区主要突水含水层水文地球化学模拟

为定量地揭示矿区水文地球化学环境演化的本质,更为深入探讨水文地球化学环境演化与人类工程活动和地质背景之间的联系及其联系程度,采用宿县矿区主要突水含水层(四含、煤系、太灰)地下水样的常规离子(K~++Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、HCO_3~-、CO_3~(2-))、pH值以及总溶解固体(TDS)数据,确立了地下水流路径以及其中的矿物相。在此基础上,利用PHREEQC软件建立了水文地球化学模拟模型,对矿区地下水流路径中的水文地球化学演化进行了定量模拟。研究结果表明:矿区四含水力联系密切,黄铁矿氧化与阳离子交替吸附是其水文地球化学演化的主要水-岩相互作用;矿区煤系地下水总体径流条件差,黄铁矿氧化与阳离子交替吸附作用趋于稳定;矿区中东部太灰水动力条件较好,碳酸盐溶解沉淀是水文地球化学演化的主要水-岩相互作用,西部水力联系不畅,阳离子交替吸附作用与黄铁矿氧化作用是水文地球化学演化的主要水-岩相互作用。研究成果有望为华北隐伏型煤矿区矿井水害防治及地下水资源开发利用提供理论支持。     

草海湿地水化学特征及离子来源研究

湿地水体的水化学性质在一定程度上可以反映湿地生态系统物质流动的特点。在本研究中,对草海湿地表层水体中主要阴阳离子的浓度进行了测定,并对水体中阴阳离子的组成特征进行了分析。结果显示,草海湿地水体受碳酸盐岩溶蚀的影响,水体中的主要的阳离子为Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+),主要的阴离子为HCO~-_3、SO_4~(2-)。人为活动对草海湿地流域水化学影响明显。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.