PI3K/Akt signaling pathway involved in regulation of T lymphocyte activation and apoptosis mediated by CD3ε

To study the expression and kinase activity of phosphatidylinositol 3′ -kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (PKB or Akt) during activation and apoptosis of human Jurkat T lymphocytes (TJK) with stable expression of CD8ε chimera fused human CD8α extracellular and transmembrane domains to intracellular domain of mouse CD3ε, Western blot, kinase activities detection and immunoprecipitation were carried out. It was shown that Jurkat cells with expression of wild type chimera CD8ε died by apoptosis after continuous stimulation of anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody. The expressions of PI3K and Akt, and the kinase activity of Akt remarkably increased during the process. However, this phenomenon did not occur in the Jurkat cells (T1JK) with expression of the mutant of CD8ε chimera (Y170F), suggesting that PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is involved in activation and apoptosis of T lymphocyte mediated by CD3ε.     

候选药物TW918对K-Ras突变型人肺腺癌A549细胞的体外抑制作用

探讨候选药物TW918对K-Ras突变型人肺腺癌A549细胞的体外抑制作用.以MTT法检测TW918对A549细胞的增殖抑制作用;流式细胞术检测A549细胞周期和凋亡的变化;Western blotting 检测相关蛋白的表达.结果表明:候选药物TW918可以以时间和剂量依赖性地抑制A549细胞的增殖,且作用72 h时抑制效果比吉非替尼高9.93倍;引起细胞周期阻滞于G1期,并诱导细胞发生凋亡;降低A549细胞中p-EGFR的表达,并抑制其下游PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路的激活.TW918对K-Ra     

新鲜冰冻血浆（FFP）通过AMPK/Akt/eNOS通路促肺内皮细胞一氧化氮释放及机制研究

探讨新鲜冰冻血浆(FFP)对人肺正常微血管内皮细胞(HPMECs)一氧化氮(NO)释放的影响及其机制.采用NO/Nitrite/Nitrate分析法检测了体外培养内皮细胞HPMECs经FFP处理后不同时间点细胞上清NO含量.结果显示:与培养基空白对照组相比,FFP显著增加内皮细胞NO生成;采用磷酸化蛋白激酶抗体芯片和免疫印迹方法筛选和鉴定FFP处理后内皮细胞相关蛋白激酶磷酸化,结果为FFP显著增加内皮细胞AMPKα1,Akt1和eNOS蛋白的磷酸化.进一步分别采用Compound C(AMPK抑制剂),LY294002(PI3K/Akt抑制剂)或L-NAME(NOS抑制剂)预处理细胞,阻挡AMPKα1/Akt1/eNOS信号转导通路.结果显示上述三种抑制剂均能抑制FFP诱导eNOS激活和NO生成,表明AMPKα1/Akt1/eNOS信号转导通路介导FFP诱导NO分泌参与血管保护.     

白藜芦醇上调GDF-15调控PI3K/Akt/Bcl-2信号通路对急性心肌梗死大鼠的保护作用

为考察白藜芦醇对心肌缺血的保护机制,采用冠状动脉前降支结扎再灌注制备大鼠心肌缺血再灌注(I/R)模型,运用试剂盒考察血清酶学指标、NBT染色考察心肌梗死率、蛋白质印迹法(Western blotting) 考察GDF-15、PI3K、Akt、p-Akt、Bcl-2、Bax、caspase-9和caspase-3的蛋白相对表达量。结果表明:白藜芦醇对心肌缺血再灌注大鼠的心肌保护作用与通过对GDF-15的上调来激活PI3K/Akt信号通路,抑制心肌细胞线粒体凋亡作用机制有关。     

桦木酮酸抑制PI3K/AKT通路体内抗肿瘤作用研究

采用免疫细胞化学法对H22细胞中的PI3K、AKT蛋白进行检测;分光光度法检测H22细胞中Caspase-3,9的活性对桦木酮酸通过抑制PI3K/AKT通路抗H22肝癌腹水瘤的机制进行初步研究.结果表明,桦木酮酸给药量为500 mg/（kg·d）和1000 mg/（kg·d）时,对H22腹水瘤有显著的抑制作用;当桦木酮酸给药量为1000 mg/（kg·d）时,PI3K和AKT蛋白的表达分别从56%和60%降到28%和31%;Caspase-3,9的活性在桦木酮酸给药量为500 mg/（kg·d）和1000 mg/（kg·d）时,与空白组相比均有显著性差异.说明桦木酮酸可能通过抑制PI3K/AKT细胞存活通路抑制细胞增殖,并通过提高Caspase-3,9的活性促进细胞凋亡而起到抗肿瘤的作用.     

Inhibition of PKB/Akt activity involved in apigenininduced apoptosis in human gastric carcinoma cells

Apigenin is a flavonoid widely distributed in fruits and vegetables. It possesses growth inhibitory properties against numerous cancer cell lines. However,the molecular mechanism(s) by which api-genin elicits its effects have not been fully elucidated. Here we studied whether apigenin inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in human gastric carcinoma cells. We showed that the flavonoid inhibited growth of the cells and caused apoptosis,as evidenced by DNA Ladder,cleavage of pro-caspase-3 in a time-dependent manner. Induction of apoptosis was dependent on inhibition of the PKB/Akt activity. We found that while apigenin had no effect on the expression of Akt and Bad,it inhibited specific phosphorylation of the two proteins that are associated with pro-survival mechanisms. We propose that this important flavonoid induces apoptosis in gastric cancer cells by inhibiting Akt activity. Since Akt is often activated in cancers,our findings may have clinical implications.     

Generation of a prostate from a single adult stem cell

The existence of prostate stem cells (PSCs) was first postulated from the observation that normal prostate regeneration can occur after repeated cycles of androgen deprivation and replacement in rodents. Given the critical role of PSCs in maintaining prostate tissue integrity and their potential involvement in prostate tumorigenesis, it is important to define specific markers for normal PSCs. Several cell-surface markers have been reported to identify candidate PSCs, including stem cell antigen-1 (Sca-1, also known as Ly6a), CD133 (Prom1) and CD44 (refs 3-10). However, many non-PSCs in the mouse prostate also express these markers and thus identification of a more defined PSC population remains elusive. Here we identify CD117 (c-kit, stem cell factor receptor) as a new marker of a rare adult mouse PSC population, and demonstrate that a single stem cell defined by the phenotype Lin(-)Sca-1(+)CD133(+)CD44(+)CD117(+) can generate a prostate after transplantation in vivo. CD117 expression is predominantly localized to the region of the mouse prostate proximal to the urethra and is upregulated after castration-induced prostate involution-two characteristics consistent with that of a PSC marker. CD117(+) PSCs can generate functional, secretion-producing prostates when transplanted in vivo. Moreover, CD117(+) PSCs have long-term self-renewal capacity, as evidenced by serial isolation and transplantation in vivo. Our data establish that single cells in the adult mouse prostate with multipotent, self-renewal capacity are defined by a Lin(-)Sca-1(+)CD133(+)CD44(+)CD117(+) phenotype.     

ICBP90介导PI3K/AKT通路阻断剂LY294002抑制Jurkat T细胞增殖

目的:探讨磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/丝氨酸苏氨酸蛋白激酶B(PI3K/AKT)信号通路特异性抑制剂LY294002在JurkatT细胞增殖中的作用.方法:以急性T细胞白血病胞(Jurkat T 细胞)为模型,PD98059和阿霉素为阳性对照,在倒置显微镜下观察LY294002对Jurkat T细胞的集落形成的影响,四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)检测LY294002处理后Jurkat T细胞的增殖,流式细胞术检测LY294002处理后Jurkat T细胞周期的变化,Western blotting方法检测Jurkat T细胞中ICBP90蛋白的表达以确定其与LY294002抑制Jurkat T细胞增殖的关系.结果:LY294002能够显著抑制Jurkat T细胞的集落形成和增殖,使Jurkat T细胞停滞于G2/M 期,导致Jurkat T细胞ICBP90蛋白的表达显著降低,LY294002与阿霉素联合用药可产生一定的协同效应. 结论:LY294002通过下调Jur-katT细胞ICBP90蛋白的表达,抑制Jurkat T细胞增殖.     

A novel strategy for cancer treatment: Targeting cancer stem cells

Cancer stem cell/tumor-initiating cell （CSC/TIC） is a subclass of cancer cells possessing parts of properties of normal stem cell. It has a high capacity of proliferation and plays a pivotal role in tumor recurrence and tumor resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. At present, small molecule inhibitors and fusion proteins are widely used in the CSC-targeting strategy. Gene-virotherapy, which uses oncolytic adenovirus as a vector to mediate the expression of therapeutic gene, shows a significant superiority to other regimens of cancer treatment and has a good efficacy in the treatment of solid tumors. Thus, it is a promising choice to apply gene-virotherapy into the CSC-targeting treatment. Based on the molecular mechanism underlying CSC self-renewal, a series of effective strategies for targeting CSC have been established. This review will summarize the recent research progresses on CSC-targeting treatment.     

钩藤中钩藤碱对肿瘤坏死因子-α诱导人星型胶质细胞炎症模型作用机制研究

目的研究钩藤中钩藤碱对肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)诱导人星型胶质细胞(Human Astrocytes,HA)的炎症模型的作用机制.方法:体外培养HA,用TNF-α诱导HA造模,将细胞分为正常组、模型组、钩藤碱组、依达拉奉组.采用噻唑蓝(MTT)法检测钩藤碱对HA增殖能力的影响,用逆转录PCR法(RT-PCR)检测一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)mRNA、白细胞介素-23(interleukin-23,IL-23)mRNA、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)mRNA的表达,用分光光度法检测一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)的表达,用蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测p-mTOR,mTOR,p-Stat3和Stat3的蛋白表达.结果与正常组比较,32ng·mL-1的TNF-α对星形胶质细胞有明显抑制作用(P0.001);400μmol·L~(-1)的钩藤碱对星形胶质细胞活力有明显抑制作用(P0.001).与模型组相比,200μmol·L~(-1)的钩藤碱对模型细胞有明显的增殖作用(P0.01);钩藤碱组和依达拉奉组NOS mRNA,NO和SOD都显著上升(P0.001),IL-23mRNA,IL-6mRNA和MDA都显著下降(P0.001);钩藤碱组p-mTOR/mTOR和p-Stat3/Stat3都显著下降(P0.01).结论钩藤有效成分钩藤碱具有抑制TNF-α诱导HA炎症的损伤作用,可能是通过下调mTOR/STAT3信号通路增加氧化相关因子NOS,NO,SOD的表达,减少氧化相关因子MDA以及炎症相关因子IL-23和IL-6的表达.     

Ras, PI(3)K and mTOR signalling controls tumour cell growth

All eukaryotic cells coordinate cell growth with the availability of nutrients in their environment. The mTOR protein kinase has emerged as a critical growth-control node, receiving stimulatory signals from Ras and phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K) downstream from growth factors, as well as nutrient inputs in the form of amino-acid, glucose and oxygen availability. Notably, components of the Ras and PI(3)K signalling pathways are mutated in most human cancers. The preponderance of mutations in these interconnected pathways suggests that the loss of growth-control checkpoints and promotion of cell survival in nutrient-limited conditions may be an obligate event in tumorigenesis.     

Survival signalling by Akt and eIF4E in oncogenesis and cancer therapy

Evading apoptosis is considered to be a hallmark of cancer, because mutations in apoptotic regulators invariably accompany tumorigenesis. Many chemotherapeutic agents induce apoptosis, and so disruption of apoptosis during tumour evolution can promote drug resistance. For example, Akt is an apoptotic regulator that is activated in many cancers and may promote drug resistance in vitro. Nevertheless, how Akt disables apoptosis and its contribution to clinical drug resistance are unclear. Using a murine lymphoma model, we show that Akt promotes tumorigenesis and drug resistance by disrupting apoptosis, and that disruption of Akt signalling using the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin reverses chemoresistance in lymphomas expressing Akt, but not in those with other apoptotic defects. eIF4E, a translational regulator that acts downstream of Akt and mTOR, recapitulates Akt's action in tumorigenesis and drug resistance, but is unable to confer sensitivity to rapamycin and chemotherapy. These results establish Akt signalling through mTOR and eIF4E as an important mechanism of oncogenesis and drug resistance in vivo, and reveal how targeting apoptotic programmes can restore drug sensitivity in a genotype-dependent manner.     

Glioma stem cells promote radioresistance by preferential activation of the DNA damage response

Ionizing radiation represents the most effective therapy for glioblastoma (World Health Organization grade IV glioma), one of the most lethal human malignancies, but radiotherapy remains only palliative because of radioresistance. The mechanisms underlying tumour radioresistance have remained elusive. Here we show that cancer stem cells contribute to glioma radioresistance through preferential activation of the DNA damage checkpoint response and an increase in DNA repair capacity. The fraction of tumour cells expressing CD133 (Prominin-1), a marker for both neural stem cells and brain cancer stem cells, is enriched after radiation in gliomas. In both cell culture and the brains of immunocompromised mice, CD133-expressing glioma cells survive ionizing radiation in increased proportions relative to most tumour cells, which lack CD133. CD133-expressing tumour cells isolated from both human glioma xenografts and primary patient glioblastoma specimens preferentially activate the DNA damage checkpoint in response to radiation, and repair radiation-induced DNA damage more effectively than CD133-negative tumour cells. In addition, the radioresistance of CD133-positive glioma stem cells can be reversed with a specific inhibitor of the Chk1 and Chk2 checkpoint kinases. Our results suggest that CD133-positive tumour cells represent the cellular population that confers glioma radioresistance and could be the source of tumour recurrence after radiation. Targeting DNA damage checkpoint response in cancer stem cells may overcome this radioresistance and provide a therapeutic model for malignant brain cancers.     

有氧间歇训练对心肌梗死大鼠心肌细胞的增殖作用及相关机制

目的:通过建立SD大鼠心肌梗死模型,观察间歇训练对心梗大鼠心肌细胞的增殖作用并探讨其内在作用机制.方法:成年雄性SD大鼠40只,造模后,随机分为3组:假心梗组(CON);心梗组(MI);心梗+间歇训练组(MI+AIT),每组12只.间歇训练共计8周.结果:免疫组化结果提示,正常心肌组织鲜见细胞增殖现象;心肌梗死可造成梗死边缘区细胞代偿性增加;间歇训练可显著性增加细胞增殖核抗原PCNA,BrdU和ki-67的表达水平.另外,心梗还可引起细胞增殖核抗原调节蛋白p70S6K及其上游调节蛋白mTOR显著性降低(P<0.05);而mTOR的上游调节蛋白PI3K,Akt也具有相似的变化趋势.相对地,间歇训练可增加心肌细胞膜IGF-R1水平(非IGF-R2),上调PI3K-AKt-mTOR信号通路活性,增加p70S6K磷酸化水平(P<0.05).结论:间歇训练介导的细胞增殖作用与其上调IGF-R1表达水平,激活细胞PI3K-Akt介导的增殖通路相关.     

Insulin improves cardiac myocytes contractile function recovery in simulated ischemia-reperfusion： Key role of Akt

There are abundant insulin receptors on the membrane of myocytes, which renders cardiomyocytes typical target cells of insulin. Accumulating evidence has indicated that abnormal insulin level is an important predisposing factor in diabetes-related cardiovascular disorders and may contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary heart diseaseand heart failure. It has been shown that insulin couldreduce infarct size in experimental animals subjected to myocardial ischem…     

Colorectal carcinomas in mice lacking the catalytic subunit of PI(3)Kgamma

Phosphoinositide-3-OH kinases (PI(3)Ks) constitute a family of evolutionarily conserved lipid kinases that regulate a vast array of fundamental cellular responses, including proliferation, transformation, differentiation and protection from apoptosis. PI(3)K-mediated activation of the cell survival kinase PKB/Akt, and negative regulation of PI(3)K signalling by the tumour suppressor PTEN (refs 3, 4) are key regulatory events in tumorigenesis. Thus, a model has arisen that PI(3)Ks promote development of cancers. Here we report that genetic inactivation of the p110gamma catalytic subunit of PI(3)Kgamma (ref. 8) leads to development of invasive colorectal adenocarcinomas in mice. In humans, p110gamma protein expression is lost in primary colorectal adenocarcinomas from patients and in colon cancer cell lines. Overexpression of wild-type or kinase-dead p110gamma in human colon cancer cells with mutations of the tumour suppressors APC and p53, or the oncogenes beta-catenin and Ki-ras, suppressed tumorigenesis. Thus, loss of p110gamma in mice leads to spontaneous, malignant epithelial tumours in the colorectum and p110gamma can block the growth of human colon cancer cells.