浅析鱼鳞年轮的成因

鱼类的年龄和生长密切相关,一年中鱼类生长的季节变化和快慢节律,可从鳞片脊椎骨等组织结构上显示出来,形成年度的标志——年轮,本文仅就鳞片上的年轮特征,假年轮的鉴别及其成因进行探讨。     

渤海湾银鲳年龄与生长的初步研究

从渤海湾采集179尾银鲳,以鳞片为依据进行年龄与生长的研究.结果表明:疏密切割为年轮形成的标志,年轮形成时间在3～6月,叉长与鳞径具有密切的线性相关,叉长与体重具有密切的幂函数关系,银鲳叉长与体重的生长曲线为光滑曲线,没有拐点形成.     

不同生育期、盐胁迫下蛇床植株中蛇床子素含量的变化

土壤盐分测定结果表明,正常生长条件下的土壤盐分含量是盐胁迫条件下的4.0倍多,且在盐胁迫下,蛇床植株能够正常生长.利用液相色谱法（HPLC）测定了正常生长条件下蛇床植株幼苗期、营养生长盛期、开花结果期及盐胁迫条件下蛇床植株开花结果期不同部位的蛇床子素含量,结果表明在不同生长条件下开花结果期各部位中蛇床子素含量均达到最大值.盐胁迫条件下开花结果期蛇床子素总含量316.86μg/g干重,是正常生长条件下160.00μg/g干重的1.9倍.     

五花八门的年轮

人体的年轮:日本科学家发现人的年轮在人脑中,当声波频率和人的年轮相等时,就会发生特别的反应;反之,则无这种反应。因此,利用声波可准确地诊断出人的真实年龄。甲壳年轮:爬行动物如龟、鳖等的年轮“刻”在背部的甲壳上,腔肠动物如珊瑚的年轮则是在它们表壁上有粗细之分的规则形条纹。鳞片年轮:春夏季节,鱼生长较快,所以鳞片也就长得快,产生较宽的同心圈;秋季水温较低、食物减少,鱼生长得     

广东北江东陂长汀品唇鳅4种年龄鉴定材料的比较

2013年5-9月在北江上游采集东陂长汀品唇鳅Pseudogastromyzon(Labigastromyzon)Changtingensis Tungpeiensis,对其耳石、鳞片、脊椎骨和鳃盖骨等4种年龄鉴定材料的轮纹观察分析,探讨其鉴定年龄的可行性.结果显示:耳石和主鳃盖骨均无明显可计数的年轮;在入射光下脊椎骨呈现出明暗相间的条纹,无明显杂纹,年轮清晰;鳞片年轮表现为疏密型,中央区域出现溶蚀现象,鳞片有生殖痕现象.脊椎骨的判别能力为94.27%,鳞片的判别能力为72.43%.两鉴定者对脊椎骨鉴定吻合率为93.92%,对鳞片鉴定吻合率为63.33%,鉴定脊椎骨和鳞片吻合率分别为85%和81.67%.脊椎骨是东陂长汀品唇鳅年龄鉴定的最佳材料,鳞片辅助鉴定材料,鳃盖骨和耳石则不适于东陂长汀品唇鳅的年龄鉴定.     

侧条光唇鱼的年轮特征

观察了侧条光唇鱼鳞片、脊椎骨、主鳃盖骨和耳石的年轮特征.鳞片分区明显,环片清晰常呈U型,年轮主要为疏密型,切割型较少见,偶见副轮;脊椎骨为明暗交替的同心环纹,近中心处年轮不清晰;主鳃盖骨为明暗交替的L型环带平行分布,L型的拐角处或其附近较明显;耳石年轮围绕中心核呈弧状排列,轮纹特征在后区清晰.鳞片为侧条光唇鱼年龄鉴定材料,脊椎骨、主鳃盖骨和耳石可用于辅助鉴定.     

北江(Hemiculter leucisculus)生长研究

采用鳞片作为研究的年龄鉴定材料.鳞片上年轮主要为3种.疏密型和间隙型年轮主要在整个前区,均较为明显,切割型年轮主要在侧区.鳞片的鳞径(R)与体长(L)的关系为L=4.241 7+45.021R,体长(L)与体重(W)的关系为W=0.009 6L3.073 6.用3种生长模型拟合的生长,结果表明,Gompertz生长模型对生长的拟合效果最好,VB生长模型拟合的效果最差.     

流动注射分光光度法同时快速测定水泥及其原材料中高低含量的钙和镁

本文提出用流动注射光度法测定水泥及其原材料中高低含量的钙、镁。以EGTA标准溶液掩蔽高钙含量样品中的部份钙,并将其掩蔽部份加入结果计算;以缓冲剂氨—氯化铵和CTMAB退色的显色剂二甲酚橙的混和液为载流;于570,590nm处同时测定钙,镁络合物的吸光系数和样品吸光度,通过联立方程组求解结果。同时快速测定了样品中从高到低含量的钙和镁。进样频率为120样/小时;样品测定的查对百分偏差为钙(0.24％～3％),镁12.6～4％)(视样品种类和含量高低而定)。     

市售补钙制剂钙含量的测定

鉴于目前许多补钙制剂尚未收入国家药典,国家尚未提出测定补钙制剂中钙含量的统一方法,研究了以酸性铬蓝K为显色剂,在pH值为10.5的四硼酸钠缓冲溶液中与Ca2+络合,用分光光度法测定多种市售补钙制剂的钙含量;研究了钙-酸性铬蓝K络合物的最佳形成条件:λ=498nm,pH=10.5,显色剂用量为2mL,缓冲溶液用量为0.5mL,钙浓度在0～2.4×10-5mol/L范围内遵循朗伯-比尔定律,相对标准偏差为1.2%。     

利川产区显齿蛇葡萄嫩叶总黄酮成分和抗菌活性研究

采用超声波辅助乙醇溶液提取利川产区显齿蛇葡萄嫩叶总黄酮,通过液质联用高分辨电喷雾质谱(LC-HR-ESIMS)技术鉴定其组分,采用高效液相外标法测定各组分含量,运用滤纸片法测试显齿蛇葡萄嫩叶总黄酮对10株供试菌的体外抑菌活性.结果表明：从显齿蛇葡萄嫩叶总黄酮中鉴定和定量了7个黄酮组分：二氢杨梅素(18.57%)、杨梅苷(0.53%)、杨梅素(1.29%)、花旗松素(1.38%)、槲皮素(0.51%)、三叶豆苷(0.78%)、山柰酚(0.45%);显齿蛇葡萄嫩叶总黄酮对苏云金芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、溶藻弧菌有中度敏感抑制活性,其最小抑菌浓度(MIC)值为1.0 mg·mL－1、2.0 mg·mL－1、2.0 mg·mL－1、1.0 mg·mL－1.     

复配阻垢剂对碳酸钙阻垢效果及垢晶微观形貌影响

针对石南1631注水井结垢问题,以该注水井水样分析数据为基础,应用Scale-Chem结垢预测软件对该注水井的结垢类型进行了预测,得到该注水井的主要结垢类型为碳酸钙垢,并与现场垢样分析结果进行了对比。为了减缓结垢对注水的影响,选用五种阻垢剂对该注水井水样开展了阻垢效果研究。在阻垢剂单剂对注入水水样阻垢效果实验研究的基础上,将优选出的阻垢剂PESA与DTPMPA以2:1 复配,当阻垢剂浓度为80mg/L时,阻垢率达到90.26%。为明确复配阻垢剂的阻垢机理,对加入不同复配阻垢剂浓度前后形成的垢晶进行了扫描电镜分析与X-射线衍射分析,分析结果表明,复配阻垢剂对碳酸钙晶体的形貌与晶体粒径均有一定程度的影响,在实验所用复配阻垢剂浓度范围内,阻垢剂浓度越高,碳酸钙晶体的平均粒径越小;复配阻垢剂主要通过螯合增溶与晶格畸变,在碳酸钙垢的形成过程起到了抑制作用。     

Calcium pretreatment increases thermotolerance of Laminaria japonica sporophytes

Calcium is a secondary messenger in plant signaling,and its concentration changes spatially and temporally during the course of heat stress.In the present study,potassium antimonate was used to visualize calcium localization in blades of a marine macroalga,the juvenile Laminariajaponica sporophytes under heat stress (25 ℃).Result showed that loosely bound calcium was mainly distributed on the cell wall under normal conditions (10 ℃),and flowed into the cytoplasm when exposed to heat.The simutaneous assay on the antioxidant system changes was performed.Oxidative damage,as measured by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) malondialdehyde (MDA) content,increased significantly during heat stress,and calcium pretreatment alleviated oxidative damage.The assay on the activities of six antioxidant enzymes demonstrated that their enzymatic activities were inhibited when exposed to heat stress,but Ca2+ pretreatment effectively attenuated the inhibition.Results in the present study inferred that calcium homeostasis plays an essential role in L.japonica sporophyte when exposed to heat,and calcium pretreatment could improve its thermo-tolerance.     

Calcium pretreatment increases thermotolerance of Laminaria japonica sporophytes —Using Yaluhe farm as an example

Calcium is a secondary messenger in plant signaling, and its concentration changes spatially and temporally during the course of heat stress. In the present study, potassium antimonate was used to visualize calcium localization in blades of a marine macroalga, the juvenile Laminaria japonica sporophytes under heat stress (25℃). Result showed that loosely bound calcium was mainly distributed on the cell wall under normal conditions (10℃), and flowed into the cytoplasm when exposed to heat. The simutaneous assay on the antioxidant system changes was performed. Oxidative damage, as measured by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) malondialdehyde (MDA) content, increased significantly during heat stress, and calcium pretreatment alleviated oxidative damage. The assay on the activities of six antioxidant enzymes demonstrated that their enzymatic activities were inhibited when exposed to heat stress, but Ca2+ pretreatment effectively attenuated the inhibition. Results in the present study inferred that calcium homeostasis plays an essential role in L. japonica sporophyte when exposed to heat, and calcium pretreatment could improve its thermo-tolerance.     

大洋河河流生态需水研究

从水生生物保护的角度出发,应用重点关注水生生物敏感期的方法对大洋河进行河流生态需水研究,即生态需水量在生物保护目标敏感期由水文断面资料、水位流量关系、生物产卵期所需水流条件共同计算确定,在非生物敏感期采用最小月流量法计算.应用该方法分别计算大洋河8~9月濒危鱼类马苏大麻哈鱼产卵期、4~6月多种鱼类产卵期、枯水期非生物敏感期所需生态流量,并根据计算结果建议在对河流开展调水工程时应考虑对生态需水量的影响及对水生生物的保护.     

Nonclassical crystallization of zinc carbonate hydroxide hydrate nanofilm mediated by calcium ions

To satisfy the demand of zinc oxide (ZnO) with advanced muti-functional properties, significant efforts have been made in synthesizing ZnO with various structure and morphology. In particular, hydrothermal method has attracted considerable attentions, in which Zn₄CO₃(OH)₆·H₂O (ZCHH) is commonly found as a metastable precursor. However, the formation and crystallization mechanisms of ZCHH are still lacking and urgently needed. In the present study, the crystallization pathway of ZCHH was systematically investigated, and the results demonstrate that the amorphous zinc carbonate (AZC) was an even more unstable precursor. AZC nanoparticles typically aggregated to form one-dimensional (1D) ZCHH nanorods, however, two-dimensional (2D) ZCHH nanofilms were obtained in the presence of a certain concentration of calcium ion. The results suggest that calcium ions could promote the partial dissolution of AZC and facilitate the aggregation of AZC nanoparticles to form crystalline nanofilm. Moreover, 2D ZnO nanofilms could be obtained by heat treatment of the ZCHH nanofilms. The calcium ion mediated nonclassical crystallization pathway provides inspiration for fabrication of ZnO with controlled morphology and offers new opportunities for inorganic regulated material synthesis.     

Influence of PPCA inhibitor on CaCO3 scale surface deposition and bulk precipitation at elevated temperature

Scale formation is a serious and costly problem encountered in the oil and gas industry. Polyphosphinocarboxylic acid (PPCA) is a common commercial organic scale inhibitor used in the oil and gas industry which is normally referred to a nucleation inhibitor. In this paper, the effect of PPCA on calcium carbonate scale is studied systematically and some new insights into the mechanisms of PPCA inhibition are given. Traditionally, the studies of scale formation and inhibition have focused on bulk precipitation or surface deposition. Few studies have focused on the difference between surface deposition and bulk precipitation processes. In this paper, the effect of PPCA inhibitor on calcium carbonate scale formation is studied both in the bulk solution and on the metal surface in supersaturated scale formation solutions which represent typical waters encountered in oil and gas production. It is clear that PPCA inhibits both bulk precipitation and surface deposition but to a different degree. At 4 ppm PPCA, the inhibition efficiency of surface deposition is greater than the inhibition efficiency of bulk precipitation. It is assumed that the inhibitor film formed on the metal surface at the highest concentration of PPCA (4 ppm) prevent the adsorption of scale crystals on the metal surface. In addition, PPCA suppresses aragonite and calcite crystal formation and results in the least stable vaterite crystal dominating the scale.     

空气钻井替换过程中防止地层损害对策

空气钻井采用空气作为循环介质,最适低压和低渗透储层的开采。由于空气钻井方法最大限度地减小了环空液柱压力,所以能获得较高的机械钻速,并且对地层无损害。但限于目前的钻井、测井、固井等一系列油、气井开发工艺技术条件以及地层条件,对采用空气作循环介质所钻的井,往往都必须把工作液(或钻井液)替入井内。在替换过程中,原来没有受到损害的地层,会因工作液中的液相和固相侵入地层,造成地层损害。而且,如果低压、低渗储层一旦被损害,很难使地层恢复原始渗透率。本文在实验的基础上,采用屏蔽暂堵技术思路,提出了空气钻井替换过程中防止地层损害的技术措施。实验表明,暂堵效果与液柱压力,工作液中暂堵剂颗粒的浓度有关。本文提出适用于空气钻井替换施工的环空回压控制技术,能在较短的时间内把地层暂堵上,阻止工作液中的液相和固相颗粒侵入地层。由于暂堵剂颗粒进入地层比较浅,所以十分容易返排,恢复地层原始渗透率。     

水平井分段压裂过程对水泥环完整性影响

水平井分段压裂过程中出现的套管损坏和水泥环完整性问题日益引起关注。目前研究的重点包括地层滑移、套管和水泥环受力等,而对分段压裂过程造成影响的研究较少。为了建立水平井分段压裂水泥环完整性计算模型和方法,首先,利用有限元软件建立有限元模型,得到水平井分段压裂过程中水泥环弹性区和塑性区分布;其次,利用离散元模型分析有限元中得到的塑性变形区域,获取塑性变形区域内水泥环的微裂纹数量;最后,依据水泥环塑性区分布和微裂缝数量得到水泥环的完整性评价。研究表明,除了套管和水泥环刚度比、套管偏心率和水泥环缺陷对水泥环完整性有影响,水平井的压裂段数的影响也较为明显。随着套管和水泥环刚度比增加,水泥环完整性增强;套管偏心率增加和水泥环存在缺陷降低水泥环完整性;水平井压裂段数越多,水泥环完整性降低。     

B2O3对磁铁矿烧结过程铁酸钙形成的影响

研究了磁铁矿烧结过程初期液相的形成及加入Ｂ２Ｏ３ 对铁酸钙生成的影响。在磁铁矿烧结过程中,初期液相形成于ＦｅＯｎ－ＣａＯ－ＳｉＯ２系;ＣａＯ溶解于ＦｅＯｎ－ＣａＯ－ＳｉＯ２ 系初期液相,饱和时析出２ＣａＯ·ＳｉＯ２（Ｃ２Ｓ）。在冷却带,由液相中进一步析出Ｃ２Ｓ,同时析出铁酸钙。加入含硼物质可增加铁酸钙的生成量,减少硅酸钙的生成量。     

中华绒螯蟹感光细胞细胞器中的钙离子

用焦锑酸钙沉淀方法对中华绒螯蟹复眼感光细胞的钙离子在亚细胞水平上的分布进行了观察，结果发现细胞的膜下储泡囊、线粒体、多囊体和色素颗粒等细胞器都有焦锑酸钙的沉淀，当感光细胞处于暗适应时细胞器中焦锑酸钙沉淀的量明显多于光适应时细胞中的量，改变细胞外的钙离子浓度也会影响到这些细胞器中钙离子储存量．实验表明，膜下储泡囊、线粒体、多囊体，色素颗粒等储存的钙离子一起参与造成了感光细胞的光适应．