The climatic suitability for maize cultivation in China

To provide scientific support for planning maize production and designing countermeasures against the effects of climate change on the national maize crop, we analyzed the climatic suitability for cultivating maize across China. These analyses were based on annual climate indices at the Chinese national level; these indices influence the geographical distribution of maize cultivation. The annual climate indices, together with geographical information on the current cultivation sites of maize, the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model, and the ArcGIS spatial analysis technique were used to analyze and predict maize distribution. The results show that the MaxEnt model can be used to study the climatic suitability for maize cultivation. The eight key climatic factors affecting maize cultivation areas were the frost-free period, annual average temperature, ≥0°C accumulated temperature, ≥10°C accumulated temperature continuous days, ≥10°C accumulated temperature, annual precipitation, warmest month average temperature, and humidity index. We classified climatic zones in terms of their suitability for maize cultivation, based on the existence probability determined using the MaxEnt model. Furthermore, climatic thresholds for a potential maize cultivation zone were determined based on the relationship between the dominant climatic factors and the potential maize cultivation area. The results indicated that the importance and thresholds of main climate controls differ for different maize species and maturities, and their specific climatic suitability should be studied further to identify the best cultivation zones. The MaxEnt model is a useful tool to study climatic suitability for maize cultivation.     

Responses of desertification to variations in wind activity over the past five decades in arid and semiarid areas in China

There have been significant variations in wind activity over the past five decades in arid and semiarid areas in China. High wind activity occurred from the 1960s to the 1970s, but wind activity has decreased continuously from the 1980s to the present; as a result, the potential sand transport during the latter period was only 20%-50% of the values during the 1960s and 1970s. Phases of high wind activity were highly consistent with the trends in desertification over the past five decades in arid and semiarid areas in China, but spring precipitation was also a significant factor： rapid desertification during the 1960s and 1970s was due to high wind activity, generally combining with low spring precipitation; subsequent rehabilitation since the 1980s has resulted from the combined effects of low wind activity and higher spring precipitation. Therefore, although modern desertification and rehabilitation processes are being more or less affected by human activities, both processes appear to be more strongly controlled by climate change.     

马尾松分布格局对未来气候变化的响应

【目的】分析并预测未来气候变化对马尾松适宜分布范围,探讨影响马尾松潜在地理分布的主要气候因子,为马尾松潜在分布区种质资源管理和保护提供参考与指导。【方法】以中国数字植物标本馆记录的马尾松分布数据为基础,利用MaxEnt模型及地理信息系统ArcGIS 10.3软件探讨马尾松当前地理分布特征及其潜在分布区,并针对代表性浓度路径(RCP) 2.6及RCP 8.5两种气候情景下未来(2050年和2070年)马尾松适宜分布范围及主要气候因子进行分析。【结果】当前马尾松高适生区覆盖的地区主要分布于秦岭—淮河线以南。浙江、福建、江西、湖北西南部、湖南、重庆、四川东南部、贵州北部、广西中部、广东北部等地区为马尾松主要分布区,海南、云南及台湾等地为零星分布区。在未来气候情景下,马尾松适生区向我国北部地区迁移,包括河南西部、山东半岛、辽东半岛、河北东部、山西南部等地区,而在云南南部零星地区不会再有马尾松自然分布。在未来两种气候情景4个条件中,相同RCP情景下,不同年限各适生区之间的差异并不明显,变化趋势大致相同;但相同年限的不同RCP情景对应的各适生区面积变化存在明显区别,RCP 8.5的影响要高于RCP 2.6。影响马尾松地理分布的主导生物气候变量为年均降水量、最干月降水量及平均气温日较差,且降水较温度的影响更大。【结论】未来气候变化将导致马尾松分布范围进一步扩大,新增分布区主要集中于当前分布区北部。应以当前马尾松适生环境为基础,针对当地气候类型、土壤条件等环境因素合理建立保护区,以便马尾松能够顺利适应新环境。     

北太平洋海气系统主要模态的年代际变化

结合北太平洋各种指数、海表温度和高度场,分析了北太平洋海气系统的突变特征及其与时间尺度分量的联系.研究结果表明:各种指数、海表温度和高度场在20世纪60年代、70年代和90年代末期均存在显著突变;海表温度60年代的突变主要分布于北太平洋北部,70年代的突变主要分布于北太平洋北部、中部和东南部,90年代突变则主要分布于北太平洋东南部和西南部;高度场突变主要分布于北太平洋北部、西北部和东南部,且突变范围从高层向低层递减.各种指数中60年代突变1～8a尺度分量的贡献较大,70年代突变是20～30a尺度分量的贡献较大,90年代的突变则是1～8a尺度和20～30a尺度分量作用相当.在3个突变时期中,海表温度和高度场的空间分布及相关性分析验证了这种联系的可能性.     

Land-atmosphere coupling and climate change in Europe

Increasing greenhouse gas concentrations are expected to enhance the interannual variability of summer climate in Europe and other mid-latitude regions, potentially causing more frequent heatwaves. Climate models consistently predict an increase in the variability of summer temperatures in these areas, but the underlying mechanisms responsible for this increase remain uncertain. Here we explore these mechanisms using regional simulations of recent and future climatic conditions with and without land-atmosphere interactions. Our results indicate that the increase in summer temperature variability predicted in central and eastern Europe is mainly due to feedbacks between the land surface and the atmosphere. Furthermore, they suggest that land-atmosphere interactions increase climate variability in this region because climatic regimes in Europe shift northwards in response to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations, creating a new transitional climate zone with strong land-atmosphere coupling in central and eastern Europe. These findings emphasize the importance of soil-moisture-temperature feedbacks (in addition to soil-moisture-precipitation feedbacks) in influencing summer climate variability and the potential migration of climate zones with strong land-atmosphere coupling as a consequence of global warming. This highlights the crucial role of land-atmosphere interactions in future climate change.     

近50年吉林省干湿指数时空分布特征分析

采用桑斯维特在气候分类法中定义的干湿指数,结合趋势系数分析、小波分析、M-K检验等统计方法,对吉林省近50年气候干湿变化状况进行了分析,结果表明:吉林省表现出4次相对的干湿交替,即20世纪60年代的偏湿润期,70年代的相对干旱期,80年代的偏湿润期,90年代中后期以后的偏干旱期;存在10～15 a和3a的变化周期,突变发生在1979- 1980年;在空间变化上表现出湿润区范围不断扩大,半湿润区显著缩小,半干旱区范围略有扩大的特点.     

铁线蕨属九种观赏蕨类对中国34个省会城市的气候适应性研究

蕨类植物铁线蕨科中的假鞭叶铁线蕨(Adiantum malesianum)、灰背铁线蕨(A. myriosorum)、团羽铁线蕨(A.capillus-junonis)、铁线蕨(A.capillus-veneris)、鞭叶铁线蕨(A. caudatum)、白背铁线蕨(A. davadii)、月牙铁线蕨(A. deentulum)、普通铁线蕨(A. edgeworthii)、肾盖铁线蕨(A. erythrochlamys)等9种植物具有较高的观赏价值,在城市景观和绿化建设方面具有潜在的应用前景。为了解它们对我国34个省会城市的气候适应特点,以便为它们的栽培推广提供理论指导。本文应用基于RCP45CO₂排放情景下的11个当前生物气候数据,以及假鞭叶铁线蕨等9种观赏蕨类在中国的694个分布记录,应用MaxEnt模型和ArcGis9.3软件,定量地预测了它们在我国的潜在分布范围,计测了它们对各省会城市的气候适应指数。结果表明,9种铁线蕨属植物在我国34个省会城市的气候适应能力有较大差异。假鞭叶铁线蕨、灰背铁线蕨、团羽铁线蕨、铁线蕨、月牙铁线蕨、普通铁线蕨在中国西南地区(四川东南部、重庆、云南、贵州)气候适应性很好,潜在分布范围广;假鞭叶铁线蕨、团羽铁线蕨、铁线蕨、鞭叶铁线蕨对中国华南地区的气候条件有较高的适应性;灰背铁线蕨、团羽铁线蕨、铁线蕨、白背铁线蕨和普通铁线蕨在中国华中的气候有较高的气候适应性;团羽铁线蕨和普通铁线蕨的潜在分布范围覆盖了华北地区的北京、天津和石家庄,它们的综合气候适生指数的平均值达到0.60。     

Impact of land surface degradation in northern China and southern Mongolia on regional climate

Clear evidence provided by the singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis to the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and precipitation data identifies that there exists a sensitive region of vegetation-climate interaction located in the transitional zone over northern China and its surrounding areas, where the vegetation cover change has the most significant influence on summer precipitation over China.““ Comparison of reanalysis data with station data provides a good method to assess the impacts of land use change on surface temperature, and the most obvious contribution of land use change may be to lead to notable warming over northern China in the interdecadal time scale. Based on the new statistical results, a high-resolution regional integrated environmental model system (RIEMS) is employed to investigate the effects of land surface degradation over the transitional zone and its surrounding areas (northern China and southern Mongolia) on the regional climate. Land degradation results in the decreases in precipitation over northern and southern China, and the increase in between, and increased and decreased temperature over vegetation change areas and the adjacent area to the south, respectively. Not only would it change the surface climate, but also bring the significant influence on the atmospheric circulation. Both the surface climate and circulation changes generally agree to the observed interdecadal anomalies over the last five decades. These integrated statistical and simulated results imply that land surface degradation over the transitional zone in northern China and its surrounding areas could be one of the main causes responsible for the climate anomalies over China, especially the drought over northern China.     

Recent change of the ice core accumulation rates on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Three ice cores recovered from the Himalayas (i.e. the East Rongbuk Glacier and the Far East Rongbuk Glacier at Mt. Qomolangma (Everest), and the Dasuopu Glacier at Xixiabangma) show a sharp decline in the accumulation rates since the 1950s, which is consistent with the precipitation fluctuation over India and the low northern latitude zone (5°-35°N). Correspondingly, an increasing trend is observed for the ice core accumulations from the central and northern Qingh ai-Tibetan Plateau (i.e. the Xiao Dongkemadi Glacier in the central Tanggula Mountains, the Guliya Ice Cap in the western Kunlun Mountains, and the Dunde Ice Cap in the Qilian Mountains) since the 1950s, which is consistent with the precipi tation fluctuation over the middle-high northern latitude zone (35°-70°N). However, the variation magnitude of the high-elevation ice core accumulations is more significant than that of precipitation at the low-eleva- tion places, suggesti ng its extra sensitivity of high-elevation areas to climatic change. The inter-d ecadal abrupt change of the African-Asian summer monsoon in the1960s may attribute to the recent ice core accumulation change during the recent decades.     

基于MaxEnt模型的苦槠潜在地理分布格局变迁预测

【目的】苦槠(Castanopsis sclerophylla)为壳斗科栲属常绿阔叶树种,广布于中国长江以南五岭以北各省区,被视为我国南北方气候的“分界树”。研究苦槠潜在地理分布格局变迁及其对气候变化的响应对于保护其野生资源具有重要意义。【方法】运用MaxEnt模型,模拟和预测苦槠在末次盛冰期(last glacial maximum, LGM)、现代和2070年3个时期的潜在分布区,评估了气候因子变化对其潜在地理分布的影响。【结果】MaxEnt模型模拟现代分布区准确度极高,受试者工作特征曲线下的面积(AUC值)达0.971;苦槠现代高度适宜区主要是皖南山区、大别山区、天目山至北雁荡山地区;中度适宜区扩展到了苏南山区、江西及福建沿海地区;末次盛冰期退缩分布在我国华南北部地区,以及东海大陆架东部。2070年,苦槠的分布受气候影响预测适生区会急剧缩小,生境出现破碎化,高、中度适宜区残存于高海拔地区。Jackknife检验表明,最干季降雨量、最干季均温是影响苦槠地理分布的最主要气候因子。【结论】探讨不同气候因子对苦槠潜在地理分布的影响,利用其生物属性监测亚热带最北缘范围动态变化,可为苦槠的种源保护、生境恢复、繁育驯化等提供科学依据。     

从水土保持到全球气候变化:中国黄土研究70年

 中国黄土独特的地层构造一直吸引着不同领域学者的注意。1949年后，黄土研究进入一个全新而系统的阶段。根据大量黄土研究材料，梳理了黄土研究在中国的发展脉络，总结了70年来黄土研究的重要成果。20世纪50-60年代的黄土普查获得了大量关于黄土地区的一手材料，陆续出版有重要影响力的黄土阶段性研究成果；20世纪70年代后，随着新技术与新方法的运用，黄土研究在内容与精度上不断得以丰富与完善；20世纪80年代至今，黄土高原水土流失综合治理研究取得诸多成果，更为重要的是，黄土地层记录的古气候密码逐渐被破解，成为理解全球气候变化的关键因素。在几代学者的共同努力下，中国黄土研究处于世界先进水平。     

气候变化对中国农业的影响

 在全球气候变化背景下,中国的气温不断增高,近50年中国年平均地表气温增加了1.1℃,明显高于全球;降水变化趋势不明显,年代际波动较大,也存在明显的地区差别;极端天气气候事件不断增多。未来气候变化情景,预计中国北方增温幅度高于南方,青藏高原增温最明显,年降水量增加显著区域为华北、西北及东北地区,长江中下游沿岸及其以南地区有小幅度增加。气候变暖将使粮食作物水稻、玉米和小麦的生育期缩短,产量下降;有利于棉花生产,能提高北方棉花产量和品质;三熟区面积将扩大约22.4%,一熟区面积约缩小23.1%,作物种植结构和作物品种的布局将发生变化;主要农作物病虫害呈加重趋势;对温带和寒带的家畜生长是有利的,对热带和亚热带家畜和牧草生长不利;中国四大海区主要经济鱼种的产量和渔获量有不同程度的降低;气候变暖将使中国各类自然植被发生明显北移,土地荒漠化危害范围加大,土壤肥力下降,并增加农业灌溉的需水量,农业水资源供需矛盾加剧。中国农业应对气候变化包括减缓和适应两个方面,应减缓和适应并重。     

Climatic changes in the Twenty-four Solar Terms during 1960–2008

The temperature thresholds and timings of the 24 climatic Solar Terms in China are determined from a homogenized dataset of the surface air temperature recorded at 549 meteorological stations for the period 1960?C2008 employing the ensemble empirical mode decomposition method. Changes in the mean temperature and timing of the climatic solar terms are illustrated. The results show that in terms of the mean situation over China, the number of cold days such as those of Slight Cold and Great Cold has decreased, especially by 56.8% for Great Cold in the last 10 years (1998?C2007) compared with in the 1960s. The number of hot days like those of Great Heat has increased by 81.4% in the last 10 years compared with in the 1960s. The timings of the climatic Solar Terms during the warming period (around spring) in the seasonal cycle have advanced significantly by more than 6 d, especially by 15 d for Rain Water, while those during the cooling period (around autumn) have delayed significantly by 5?C6 d. These characteristics are mainly due to a warming shift of the whole seasonal cycle under global warming. However, the warming shift affects the different Solar Terms to various extents, more prominently in the spring than in the autumn. The warming tendencies for Rain Water, the Beginning of Spring, and the Waking of Insects are the largest, 2.43°C, 2.37°C, and 2.21°C, respectively, for the period 1961?C2007 in China as a whole. Four particular phenology-related climatic Solar Terms, namely the Waking of Insects, Pure Brightness, Grain Full, and Grain in Ear, are found to have advanced almost everywhere. In semi-arid zones in northern China, advances of the timings of these four climatic Solar Terms are significant, 12?C16, 4?C8, 4?C8, and 8?C12 d, respectively, for the period 1961?C2007. These quantitative results provide a scientific base for climate change adaptation, especially in terms of agricultural planning and energy-saving management throughout a year.     

天山北麓500年来环境演变及其对人类活动的影响

文章在分析前人研究成果的基础上,总结归纳出天山北麓500年来温度、湿度以及温湿组合演变的基本规律,500年来天山北麓地区的环境演变大致经历了三个冷暖期以及四个湿润期和三个干旱期的交替,主要以冷湿、暖干的气候类型交替出现.在此基础上,笔者探讨了气候变化对干旱地区绿洲生态系统的稳定、灌溉农业的发展,水资源和环境以及灾害及其防治等方面的影响,认为气候变化有利于该地区水资源的利用,但也给部分地区带来了比较严重的洪涝灾害.     

气候变化下西南地区12种常见针叶树种适宜分布区预测

【目的】随气候变化加剧,未来西南地区针叶林分布存在诸多不确定性,进行未来气候下西南地区常见针叶树种适宜分布区研究,为该地区森林生态安全评估提供参考。【方法】基于最大熵模型(MaxEnt)模拟未来气候情景下西南地区常见的12种针叶树的气候适宜分布区。【结果】MaxEnt模型能够很好地模拟西南地区12个树种的潜在分布,AUC值均达0.9以上; 2070年MPI-ESM-LR模式RCP4.5情景下西南地区12种常见针叶树种气候适宜区面积分布变化显著,包括冷杉、三尖杉、杉木、干香柏、柏木、水杉、云南松、红豆杉和福建柏在内的9个树种气候适宜区与气候最适区面积增加11.1%~412.8%;银杉和油麦吊云杉的气候适宜区面积分别增加6.0%和32.8%,但气候最适区面积减少了0.8%和3.5%;云南油杉未来气候适宜区和气候最适区的面积则减少24.0%和29.1%。【结论】西南地区针叶林中广布树种的气候适宜区面积会得益于气候变化而扩大,但云南油杉和油麦吊云杉等一些西南特有乡土树种的气候适宜区面积则会因为气候变化而缩小,因此对特有乡土树种的保护应给予重视。     

Multiscale characteristics of the rainy season rainfall and interdecadal decaying of summer monsoon in North China

This paper focuses on the rainfall spectrum and its evolution of North China in rainy season with summer monsoon decaying in interdecadal time scale. The interannual component of the rainfall is the dominant part, accounting for 85% of the total variance, and has been changed significantly during the last 30 years. According to wavelet analysis its 5a periodic spectrum suddenly disappeared in the late 1960s, and its biennial oscillation gradually become weaker and weaker since 1970, accompanied by the summer monsoon decaying. Contrarily, the interdecadal component is principal in the summer monsoon over North China and is very similar to the counterpart of the rainfall. Their interdecadal parts are significantly correlated, and the correlation coefficient is nearly equal to the one of the original sequences.Besides, the dry and wet climate alternated with the monsoon abrupt changes in the 1960s and the 1970s over East Asia, apart from North China, climate drifted from a light drought to a severe drought during the past 30 years.     

宁夏雾霾时间的气候变化趋势研究

根据1961—2012年宁夏22个气象台站逐日天气现象、能见度资料,用气候倾向率、趋势系数和突变分析等方法研究宁夏全区及各区域雾霾时间的演变特征、变化趋势.结果表明,近52a来宁夏全区年雾霾时间总体呈增多的趋势,气候趋势系数均通过0.001信度检验;雾霾时间的变化具有明显的阶段性,即20世纪70年代中期以前为明显减少的阶段,70年代中期至90年代末期为波动增多、减少的阶段,2001年以后为明显增多的阶段,全区和中部干旱区在2000年左右发生突变;秋季是全区各地雾霾天气防治的主要季节,银川、固原—泾源一带是雾霾天气防治的重点地区.     

川中丘陵地区近46年来气候变化及旱涝动态特征

旱涝是川中丘陵区一种主要的自然灾害.根据四川省盐亭县近46年来(1960—2005)的气候资料,在分析该区气候变化特征的基础上,运用Z指数法对该区近46年来年际、季节和月份旱涝的动态特征进行了计算和分析.结果表明,近46年来该区气候变化存在较为明显的降温、趋干和太阳辐射相对稳定的特征.近46年来该区年际旱涝具有交替变动的特征,且干旱等级明显高于洪涝等级.春、冬两季旱涝频率前期下降,后期增加,春季洪涝等级下降,干旱等级上升,冬季旱涝等级少变;夏季旱涝频率下降,但等级上升;秋季旱涝频率和等级明显减缓.该区偏旱月份主要集中在1、3和12月等月份,偏涝月份主要集中在1、4、5和9月等月份;而6、7、8、10和11月等月份则旱涝均比较多,各月旱涝的动态变化复杂.     

考虑局部归一化高度的双分支语义分割网络

归一化数字表面模型是表征地物高度、辅助遥感影像分类的重要特征,但是其片状、精度不稳定的特性制约了分类精度的提升.针对这个问题,该文提出了一种考虑局部归一化高度的双分支输入语义分割网络,一方面设计了一种双分支输入结构,分别提取地物的光谱特征和几何特征,并通过跳跃连接进行特征融合以充分学习地物多模态信息;另一方面提出了一种新的地物高度表征方法,结合深度神经网络受GPU显存限制只能处理较小区域影像的特点,在输入的数字表面模型局部区域内计算高度特征.最后通过在ISPRS标准数据集上对三种网络框架进行对比试验,证明了相较于仅使用光谱影像,该文方法总体精度提升了4.5%～4.7%,比使用归一化表面模型作为高度特征的分类方法具有更高的分类精度、计算效率和自动化程度.