Electrochemical characterization of MnO2 as the cathode material for a high voltage hybrid capacitor

Manganese dioxide (MnO₂) was prepared using the ultrasonic method. Its electrochemical performance was evaluated as the cathode material for a high voltage hybrid capacitor. And the specific capacitance of the MnO₂ electrode reached 240 F·g-1. The new hybrid capacitor was constructed, combining A1/Al₂O₃ as the anode and MnO₂ as the cathode with electrolyte for the aluminum electrolytic capacitor to solve the problem of low working voltage of a supercapacitor unit. The results showed that the hybrid capacitor had a high energy density and the ability of quick charging and discharging according to the electrochemical performance test. The capacitance was 84.4 μF, and the volume and mass energy densities were greatly improved compared to those of the traditional aluminum electrolytic capacitor of 47 μF. The analysis of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed that the hybrid capacitor had good impedance characteristics.     

Pseudo-capacitance of ruthenium oxide/carbon black composites for electrochemical capacitors

Hydrous ruthenium oxide was formed by a new process. The precursor was obtained by mixing the aqueous solutions of RuCl₃·xH₂O and NaHCO₃. The addition of NaHCO₃ led to the formation of an oxide with extremely fine RuO₂ particles forming a porous network structure in the oxide electrode. Polyethylene glycol was added as a controller to partly inhibit the sol-gel reaction. The rate capacitance of 530 F·g-1 was measured for the powder formed at an optimal annealing temperature of 210℃. Several details concerning this new material, including crystal structure, particle size as a function of temperature, and electrochemical properties, were also reported. In addition, the rate capacitance of the composite electrode reached 800 F·g-1 after carbon black was added. By using the modified electrode of a RuO₂/carbon black composite electrode, the electrochemical capacitor exhibits high energy density and stable power characteristics. The values of specific energy and maximum specific power of 24 Wh·kg-1 and 4 kW·kg-1, respectively, are demonstrated for a cell voltage between 0 and 1 V.     

Performance of a combined capacitor based on ultrafine nickel oxide/carbon nanotubes composite electrodes

A new sol-gel process for the preparation of ultrafine nickel hydroxide electrode materials was developed. The composite electrodes consisting of carbon nanotubes and Ni(OH)₂ were developed by mixing the hydroxide and carbon nanotubes together in different mass ratios. In order to enhance energy density, a combined type pseudocapacitor/electric double layer capacitor was considered and its electrochemical properties were characterized by cyclic voltammetry and dc charge/discharge test. The combined capacitor shows excellent capacitor behavior with an operating voltage up to 1.6 V in KOH aqueous electrolyte. Stable charge/discharge behaviors were observed with much higher specific capacitance values of 24 F/g compared with that of EDLC (12F/g) by introducing 60% Ni(OH)₂ in the anode material. By using the modified anode of a Ni(OH)₂/carbon nanotubes composite electrode, the specific capacitance of the cell was less sensitive to discharge current density compared with that of the capacitor employing pure nickel hydroxide as anode. The combined capacitor in this study exhibits high energy density and stable power characteristics.     

Electrochemical Performance of Core-Sheath Dip-Coated Lignin Derived Carbon/Wet-Spun Graphene Electrodes for Fiber-Shaped Supercapacitors

One-dimensional graphene fibers(GFs) possess excellent properties, including high electrical conductivity, good physical and chemical stability, high thermal conductivity, flexibility, etc. GFs are ideal electrode materials for fiber-shaped supercapacitors. However, due to the lack of an effective method to manufacture GFs with high specific capacitance, their low energy density hinders their practical application. Herein, we decorated wet-spun graphene oxide fibers(GOFs) by dip-coating them with graphene oxide(GO) solutions containing different contents of lignin to obtain a core-sheath lignin/GO composite fibers. After carbonization and activation, we successfully prepared lignin derived carbon/GF electrodes. The assembled fiber-shaped supercapacitors(FSSCs) exhibit a specific capacitance of 9.98 mF/cm~2 and an energy density of 0.89 μW·h/cm~2, about 6 times of those of pure GFs(1.57 mF/cm~2 and 0.14 μW·h/cm~2, respectively), long cycling life and cycling stability. This suggests that the introduction of lignin derived carbon into GFs can effectively increase the specific capacitance and the energy density of FSSCs.     

Performance of a 60 F carbon nanotubes-based supercapacitor for hybrid power sources

A supercapacitor based on charge storage at the interface between a high surface area carbon nanotube electrode and a LiClO₄/PC electrolyte was assembled. The performance of the capacitor depends on not only the material used in the cell but also the construction of the cell. From a constant charge-discharge test, the capacitance of 60 F was obtained. The performance of the power capacitor for pulse power sources was described. The specific energy (0.8 W·h·kg-1) and the specific power (0.75 kW·kg-1) of the power supercapacitor were demonstrated with a cell of the maximum operating voltage of 2.5 V. A hybrid power source consisting of a lithium ionic battery and the 60 F supercapacitor was demonstrated to power successfully a simulated power load encountered in GSM portable communication equipment. The addition of the supercapacitor to the power train of a cellular phone results in significantly more energy from the battery being used by the load. The experiments indicate that more than 33.8% energy is utilized by load and less stored energy is dissipated within the battery for each charge-discharge cycle.     

Investigation of structural,morphological and electrochemical properties of mesoporous La2CuCoO6 rods fabricated by facile hydrothermal route

This work introduces the facile hydrothermal synthesis of double perovskite La₂CuCoO₆. X-ray diffraction pattern confirmed the formation of a monoclinic phase with P12₁/c1 symmetry. Transmission electron microscopy results revealed that the self-assembled porous rods were composed of nanocrystallite aggregates. The estimated specific surface area of these mesoporous rods with an average pore diameter of 6 nm was ~41 m2·g–1. The presence of ions with oxidation states of La3+, Cu2+, and Co2+/Co3+ on the surface of the mesoporous La₂CuCoO₆ rods was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis. Via cyclicvoltammetry and chronopotentiometry, the electrode fabricated from the mesoporous La₂CuCoO₆ rods were found to exhibit pseudocapacitive behavior with a specific capacitance of 259.4 F·g–1 at a current density of 0.5 A·g–1. An ~89% retention in specific capacitance was achieved after 1000 charge/discharge cycles at a constant current density of 4 A·g–1.     

CoO/SnO2@NC/S复合材料的制备及其应用于高稳定性锂硫电池正极材料

To improve the sulfur loading capacity of lithium-sulfur batteries (Li–S batteries) cathode and avoid the inevitable “shuttle effect”, hollow N doped carbon coated CoO/SnO₂ (CoO/SnO₂@NC) composite has been designed and prepared by a hydrothermal-calcination method. The specific surface area of CoO/SnO₂@NC composite is 85.464 m2·g–1, and the pore volume is 0.1189 cm3·g–1. The hollow core-shell structure as a carrier has a sulfur loading amount of 66.10%. The initial specific capacity of the assembled Li–S batteries is 395.7 mAh·g–1 at 0.2 C, which maintains 302.7 mAh·g–1 after 400 cycles. When the rate increases to 2.5 C, the specific capacity still has 221.2 mAh·g–1. The excellent lithium storage performance is attributed to the core-shell structure with high specific surface area and porosity. This structure effectively increases the sulfur loading, enhances the chemical adsorption of lithium polysulfides, and reduces direct contact between CoO/SnO₂ and the electrolyte.     

Graphene-immobilized flower-like Ni<Subscript>3</Subscript>S<Subscript>2</Subscript> nanoflakes as a stable binder-free anode material for sodium-ion batteries

A binder-free Ni₃S₂ electrode was prepared directly on a graphene-coated Ni foam (G/Ni) substrate through surface sulfiding of substrate using thiourea as the sulfur source in this work. The Ni₃S₂ showed a flower-like morphology and was uniformly distributed on the G/Ni surface. The flower-like Ni₃S₂ was composed of cross-arrayed nanoflakes with a diameter and a thickness of 1-2 μm and~50 nm, respectively. The free space in the flowers and the thin feature of Ni₃S₂ buffered the volume changes and relieved mechanical strain during repeated cycling. The intimate contact with the Ni substrate and the fixing effect of graphene maintained the structural stability of the Ni₃S₂ electrode during cycling. The G/Ni-supported Ni₃S₂ maintained a reversible capacity of 250 mAh·g-1 after 100 cycles at 50 mA·g-1, demonstrating the good cycling stability as a result of the unique microstructure of this electrode material.     

Research of special carbon nanobeads supported Pt catalyst for fuel cell through high temperature pyrolysis and deposition from novel phthalocyanine

The carbon nanobeads were prepared through high temperature pyrolysis and deposition from phthalocyanine. After surface‘s functionalization treatment of the carbon beads, the carbon nanobeads supported Pt catalyst was produced. The Pt/C catalyst was characterized by SEM, TEM, Raman spectrum, EDS and XRD methods. Combining the carbonaceous paper spreaded up with the catalyst with Nafion membrane, we made MEA electrode. The discharge curves indicated that this carbon nanobeads supported Pt is a good fuel cell catalyst with excellent performance, high activity and sign of a long-time life.     

强耦合非晶态Sb2S3球与碳纳米管中的钠离子和锂离子存储

A facile one-step strategy involving the reaction of antimony chloride with thioacetamide at room temperature is successfully developed for the synthesis of strongly coupled amorphous Sb₂S₃ spheres and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Benefiting from the unique amorphous structure and its strongly coupled effect with the conductive network of CNTs, this hybrid electrode (Sb₂S₃@CNTs) exhibits remarkable sodium and lithium storage properties with high capacity, good cyclability, and prominent rate capability. For sodium storage, a high capacity of 814 mAh·g?1 at 50 mA·g?1 is delivered by the electrode, and a capacity of 732 mAh·g?1 can still be obtained after 110 cycles. Even up to 2000 mA·g?1, a specific capacity of 584 mAh·g?1 can be achieved. For lithium storage, the electrode exhibits high capacities of 1136 and 704 mAh·g?1 at 100 and 2000 mA·g?1, respectively. Moreover, the cell holds a capacity of 1104 mAh·g?1 under 100 mA·g?1 over 110 cycles. Simple preparation and remarkable electrochemical properties make the Sb₂S₃@CNTs electrode a promising anode for both sodium-ion (SIBs) and lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).     

Si@CNT纳米结构与MOF衍生多孔碳的链状化合物作为锂离子电池负极材料的研究

Silicon anodes are considered to have great prospects for use in batteries; however, many of their defects still need to be improved. The preparation of hybrid materials based on porous carbon is one of the effective ways to alleviate the adverse impact resulting from the volume change and the inferior electronic conductivity of a silicon electrode. Herein, a chain-like carbon cluster structure is prepared, in which MOF-derived porous carbon acts as a shell structure to integrally encapsulate Si nanoparticles, and CNTs play a role in connecting carbon shells. Based on the exclusive structure, the carbon shell can accommodate the volume expansion more effectively, and CNTs can improve the overall stability and conductivity. The resulting composite reveals excellent rate capacity and enhanced cycling stability; in particular, a capacity of 732 mA·h·g?1 at 2 A·g?1 is achieved with a reservation rate of 72.3% after cycling 100 times at 1 A·g?1.     

MnO2/C复合纳米纤维纱线的制备及其导电性能

采用共轭静电纺丝法制备聚丙烯腈(PAN)纳米纤维纱线,并在不同温度下将PAN纳米纤维碳化得到碳纳米纤维纱线。以KMnO 4为锰源,通过水热合成法在碳纳米纤维纱线上原位生长纳米二氧化锰(MnO 2),形成MnO 2/C复合纳米纤维纱线,分别采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)、数字万用表对碳纳米纤维纱线和MnO 2/C复合纳米纤维纱线的化学组成、表观形貌、电学性能等进行表征,并分析碳化温度对碳纳米纤维纱线的形貌和电学性能的影响,以及水热反应中盐酸浓度对纳米MnO 2形貌和MnO 2/C复合纳米纤维纱线的影响。结果表明:碳化温度越高,得到的纱线表面越光洁,石墨化程度越高,电学性能也越好,1000℃碳化工艺得到的碳纳米纤维纱线电导率最高,为31.5 S/cm;与MnO 2复合后的碳纳米纤维纱线电导率大幅下降,当盐酸与高锰酸钾摩尔浓度比为4∶1时得到的复合纳米纤维纱线的电导率最高,为0.1200 S/cm。     

生物质焦焙烧还原低品位软锰矿及其动力学

采用生物质焦和活性炭粉作还原剂,在管式炉中进行了低品位软锰矿焙烧还原对比试验.分别研究了焙烧温度、焙烧时间、生物质焦用量等条件对软锰矿还原率的影响,对焙烧产物进行了X射线衍射分析.结果表明,生物质焦在焙烧时间和还原效率上优于活性炭粉;软锰矿焙烧还原依次经历Mn O2→Mn2O3→Mn3O4→Mn O过程;在焙烧温度为800℃,焙烧时间为50 min,生物质焦用量为10%时,软锰矿还原率可达98%以上,在此基础上导出了还原动力学方程,并证实还原过程由界面化学反应控制,表观活化能为43.896 k J·mol-1.     

石墨烯/二氧化锰复合材料的制备及其电化学性能

通过水热法在160℃条件下成功制备了手风琴状石墨烯/MnO2复合材料.通过场发射扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射、X射线能量色散谱、BET法以及拉曼光谱对材料进行表征.结果表明,手风琴状二氧化锰与层状石墨烯之间具有十分高效的贴合,这种创新性设计有效地利用了石墨烯的高电导率、大比表面积以及二氧化锰的优秀赝电容行为.电化学测试结果给出在0.2 A·g-1时,样品的比电容高达138 F·g-1,数倍增强于单独的二氧化锰或石墨烯样品.     

Preparation and electrochemical properties of carbon-coated LiFePO4 hollow nanofibers

Carbon-coated LiFePO4 hollow nanofibers as cathode materials for Li-ion batteries were obtained by coaxial electrospinning. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific surface area analysis, galvanostatic charge–discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were employed to investigate the crystalline structure, morphology, and electrochemical performance of the as-prepared hollow nanofibers. The results indicate that the carbon-coated LiFePO4 hollow nanofibers have good long-term cycling performance and good rate capability:at a current density of 0.2C (1.0C=170 mA·g?1) in the voltage range of 2.5–4.2 V, the cathode materials achieve an initial discharge specific capacity of 153.16 mAh·g?1 with a first charge–discharge coulombic efficiency of more than 97%, as well as a high capacity retention of 99%after 10 cycles;moreover, the materi-als can retain a specific capacity of 135.68 mAh·g?1, even at 2C.     

非晶MnO2的制备及其电容性能

以KMnO4、H2O2和(NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O为原料,制备了MnO2-MoO3前驱物,并将其用氨水溶解,得到非晶MnO2。用XRD、TEM及EDAX进行了表征,样品为非晶MnO2。用电极循环伏安研究其电容性能:在1 mol.L-1Na2SO4溶液中,电位窗口为-0.2~0.8 V(vs SEC)范围内,5 mV.s-1的扫描速度下,制备的非晶MnO2比电容为356.72 F.g-1,经过100次循环后,电容量仅下降了5.5%,具有良好的可逆循环性能。     

Synthesis of the 3D porous carbon-manganese oxide (3D-C@MnO) nanocomposite and its supercapacitor behavior study

A 3D porous carbon-manganese oxide ([email protected]) nanocomposite is successfully synthesized via a thermal plasma deposition method. The chemical bonds and compositions, phase structures, surface morphologies, etc. of as-obtained [email protected] nanocomposite were characterized by the various equipment, such as X-ray diffractometer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electron microscopes. The electrochemical performances of the [email protected] nanocomposite electrode showed a specific capacitance of 780 F g^?1 at a current density of 2 A g^?1 and a capacitance retention rate of 99% after 5000 charge-discharge cycles at a high current density of 10 A g^?1. These excellent capacitive performances may be attributed to the encapsulation of MnO nanoparticles by porous carbon sheets in the [email protected] MnO nanocomposite structure. It is believed that the carbon-encapsulated MnO nanoparticles can be protected from a volume deformation during the charge adsorption/desorption cycle and can be electrically improved by the encapsulated carbon sheets, resulting in better overall capacitive performance. In addition, this study also demonstrates the practical applicability by assembling a supercapacitor using the as-obtained [email protected] nanocomposite to glow a light emitting diode.     

MOF基多孔炭的制备及其在超级电容器中的应用

金属有机框架材料(MOFs)由于其具有较高的比表面积,可调节的孔隙结构,以及结构、功能多样性,使其作为前驱体在电化学等方面具有广阔的应用前景.采用水热法合成了金属有机框架材料[Zn₃(bpdc)₃(bpy)]·2DMF·4H₂O](ZBB),并以此为前驱体,通过炭化-活化法制备了多孔炭ZBBC-T-A,研究了不同炭化温度,不同的炭碱比对多孔炭微观结构及电化学性能的影响.结果表明:多孔炭ZBBC-800-1∶3是以微、介孔为主,且最大比表面积达2 294.6 m² ·g^-1;以6 mol·L^-1 KOH为电解液,在电流密度为1 A·g^-1时,其比电容为304.8 F·g^-1;电流密度从1 A·g^-1增加到10 A·g^-1时,电容损失率为21.26%;在1 A·g^-1的电流密度下,经过5 000次循环后,电容保持率为95.85%.其能量密度为8.06 Wh·kg^-1.     

High-performance lithium–sulfur battery based on porous N-rich g-C3N4 nan-otubes via a self-template method

The commercial development of lithium–sulfur batteries (Li–S) is severely limited by the shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LPSs) and the non-conductivity of sulfur. Herein, porous g-C3N4 nanotubes (PCNNTs) are synthesized via a self-template method and util-ized as an efficient sulfur host material. The one-dimensional PCNNTs have a high specific surface area (143.47 m2·g?1) and an abundance of macro-/mesopores, which could achieve a high sulfur loading rate of 74.7wt%. A Li–S battery bearing the PCNNTs/S composite as a cathode displays a low capacity decay of 0.021% per cycle over 800 cycles at 0.5 C with an initial capacity of 704.8 mAh·g?1. PCNNTs with a tubular structure could alleviate the volume expansion caused by sulfur and lithium sulfide during charge/discharge cycling. High N contents could greatly enhance the adsorption capacity of the carbon nitride for LPSs. These synergistic effects contribute to the excellent cycling stability and rate performance of the PCNNTs/S composite electrode.