ABA对拟南芥los5-1突变体及其野生型保卫细胞质膜内向K~+通道的调节

以拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)ABA缺失突变体los5-1及其相应野生型为材料,用细胞质膜钙离子通道的抑制剂LaCl3和细胞内钙离子的螯合剂EGTA处理,运用膜片钳技术探讨在ABA调节突变体和相应野生型保卫细胞质膜内向K+电流过程中Ca2+的作用.实验结果表明ABA均可以明显抑制拟南芥C24野生型及其突变体los5-1保卫细胞原生质体的内向K+电流,而且ABA对los5-1突变体及其相应野生型保卫细胞质膜内向K+通道的调节具有不同的Ca2+依赖性,说明ABA对突变体和野生型的K+通道     

ABA和H2 O2在NaCl诱导的气孔关闭中的作用

以拟南芥野生型（wt）和ABA合成缺失突变体（aba3）为材料，采用表皮生物分析法研究了NaCl胁迫条件下，ABA和H2O2在气孔关闭中的作用。结果表明：100mmol/L的NaCl可有效诱导wt气孔关闭，而对aba3的气孔运动无明显影响；10^-2mmol/L的H2O2处理或100mmol/L的NaCl与10^-2mmol/L ABA共处理可有效诱导wt与aba3的气孔关闭，且幅度类似；H2O2的性清除剂CAT可部分逆转NaCl处理及NaCl与ABA共处理引起的气孔关闭，因此推测，NaCl胁迫条件下，植物保卫细胞内ABA浓度升高，诱导H2O2的产生，进而诱导了气孔关闭。     

eATP通过H2O2参与H2S对拟南芥气孔运动和保卫细胞K+流的调节（英文）

硫化氢(H2S)和通过ABC转运体转运至胞外形成的胞外ATP(eA TP)均参与对气孔运动的调控,但尚不清楚eA TP在H2S诱导气孔关闭中的作用机制.本研究显示,ABC转运体抑制剂和质膜嘌呤受体抑制剂能够抑制H2S诱导的气孔关闭和所引起的保卫细胞中H2O2水平的升高;但H2S不能引起Atmrp4、Atmrp5以及Atmrp4/5中eA TP的积累和保卫细胞中H2O2水平的升高;H2S亦不能引起Atmrp4/5保卫细胞原生质体K+外流.据此推论:H2S可通过eA TP调控H2O2,进而调节气孔保卫细胞钾离子通道诱导气孔关闭.     

Ca2+在H2O2促进蚕豆气孔关闭过程中的作用

利用表皮生物分析法，通过表皮条缓冲液中加CaCl2研究了Ca＾2＋在H2O2促进蚕豆气孔关闭过程中的作用．研究发现在不同浓度的H2O2溶液中加入0．05mol/L和0．005mol/L CaCl2均能加强H2O2对蚕豆气孔关闭的促进作用，H2O2和Ca^2 浓度越高，气孔开度减小越明显．推测在H2O2促进蚕豆气孔关闭过程中，保卫细胞质中Ca^2 浓度升高时的来源可能是质外体中的Ca^2＋．     

两种MAP激酶共同调节蚕豆气孔保卫细胞中ROS信号途径研究

运用表皮条生物学分析、激光共聚焦扫描及膜片钳技术,在MEK1/2和p38MAP激酶专一性抑制剂PD98059和SB203580处理下,观察促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAP激酶)家族成员介导蚕豆保卫细胞中氧化信号机制.结果表明,PD98059能阻断并逆转ABA和H2O2抑制质膜内向K 电流、ABA诱导H2O2产生及气孔关闭,SB203580也表现相似的作用.因此,两种MAP激酶可能共同调节ABA诱导ROS产生和气孔关闭.     

从通道水平研究活性氧对萝卜液泡膜的影响

用膜片钳全液泡记录方式研究了H2O2对心灵美萝卜(Raphanus satirus L．)液泡膜上SV通道电流的影响．结果表明，H2O2可以抑制SV通道电流，且抑制作用随H2O2浓度的增大而增大，半抑制浓度(IC50)为0.71mmol／L，加入活性氧(ROS)清除剂维生素C不能够消除H2O2的影响，提示H2O2对SV通道的影响是不可逆的．     

NO,H2O2介导根系渗透胁迫和脱落酸诱导的气孔关闭

运用表皮实验和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜技术对NO和H2O2在根系渗透胁迫和外源脱落酸（ABA）处理诱导蚕豆气孔关闭中的作用及其相互关系进行了研究．结果表明，渗透胁迫及外源ABA处理既促进保卫细胞内源NO和H2O2形成，也诱导气孔关闭；外源H2O2和SNP可促进气孔关闭，也分别诱导保卫细胞NO和H2O2产生．还对根系渗透胁迫诱导蚕豆气孔关闭中ABA、NO和H2O2的关系进行了讨论，认为渗透胁迫可能通过ABA诱导NO和H2O2产生，促进气孔关闭且NO和H2O2之间存在相互作用．     

H2O2诱导烟草悬浮细胞的凋亡

烟草悬浮细胞经不同浓度的过氧化氢处理发现 ,当用 6mmol L的H2 O2 处理时从形态学上可观察到明显的染色质凝聚 ,细胞质皱缩和细胞核解体等现象 ;DNA电泳结果显示发生凋亡的细胞基因组DNA被降解形成明显的DNA梯状条带 ,从而表现出典型的细胞凋亡特征 .其他高浓度的处理也有以上特征 ,但细胞坏死数目也相对增多 ,因此本研究认为 6mmol L的H2 O2 处理 2 4h能够非常有效地诱导烟草悬浮细胞的凋亡 .     

壳梭孢素促进蚕豆气孔开放与保卫细胞H2O2的关系

研究了壳梭孢素(FC)诱导蚕豆气孔开放与保卫细胞过氧化氢(H2O2)水平的关系.结果证明,FC、H2O2清除剂抗坏血酸(ASA)和H2O2合成抑制剂二苯基碘(DPI)均能于暗中诱导气孔开放.另外,FC和ASA不仅阻止外源H2O2诱导气孔关闭,而且促进暗诱导已关闭气孔重新开放,但DPI无此效应.将上述结果联系起来考虑,表明FC通过清除降低保卫细胞内源H2O2水平进而促进气孔开放.     

活性氧与NO在SO2诱导蚕豆气孔运动中的作用

以蚕豆叶表皮为材料,研究SO2胁迫时叶面气孔运动及其调节途径.研究发现,用浓度1～200μmol/L的SO2衍生物(亚硫酸钠与亚硫酸氢钠混合液)处理蚕豆叶下表皮后,气孔开度明显减小,气孔保卫细胞内活性氧(ROS)、一氧化氮(NO)和钙离子(Ca2+)水平显著升高.采用抗氧化剂抗坏血酸和过氧化氢酶,钙离子干扰剂EGTA和LaCl3,以及NO合成抑制剂NaN3与NO清除剂c-PTIO,分别与SO2衍生物同时作用时,SO2诱发的气孔关闭效应得到有效缓解,保卫细胞内ROS、NO和Ca2+水平随之改变.抗氧化剂和NO干扰剂能阻止SO2诱导的胞内ROS、NO和Ca2+水平升高;EGTA和LaCl3能降低SO2诱导的胞内NO和Ca2+升高,但不影响ROS水平.研究结果表明,较高浓度SO2能诱导气孔关闭,SO2胁迫诱导ROS和NO合成增加,ROS和NO通过钙信号系统调节气孔开度.     

Effect of New O-Superfamily Conotoxin on Voltage-Activated Currents of Hippocampal Neurons

The effects of a new O-superfamily conotoxin, SO3, on sodium current (INa), transient A-type potassium currents (IA), and delayed rectified potassium currents (IK), were examined in cultured rat hippocampal neurons using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. Addition of SO3 caused a concentration-dependent, rapidly developing, and reversible inhibition of voltage-activated currents. The IC50 values for the blockage of INa, IA, and IK were calculated as 0.49, 33.9, and 7.6 μmol/L, respectively. The determined Hill coefficients were 1.7, 0.6, and 1.2, respectively. These results indicate that SO3 can selectively inhibit neuronal sodium and potassium currents.     

Patch- and voltage-clamp analysis of cyclic AMP-stimulated inward current underlying neurone bursting

The second messenger cyclic AMP has been variously reported to affect the electrical activity of different neurones by decreasing outward potassium current, increasing outward current and increasing inward current. The recently developed patch clamp method of recording single ionic channels allows direct measurement of the action of cyclic AMP on membrane conductances. Using the patch clamp, the closure of potassium channels by cyclic AMP has previously been documented on the single channel level. We report here that in a bursting molluscan neurone, intracellular iontophoresis of cyclic AMP under voltage clamp elicits an inward current of maximal amplitude in the pacemaker voltage region. Patch-clamp analysis reveals inward channels whose opening frequency is augmented by cyclic AMP stimulation and whose activity accompanies burst episodes. Channel opening frequency is significantly increased by depolarization of the whole soma, but not by focal depolarization of the patch; this may reflect the action of another second messenger that acts in concert with cyclic AMP to confer voltage sensitivity.     

Protein tyrosine phosphatases involved in signaling of the ABA-induced H2O2 generation in guard cells of Vicia faba L.

Although protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) play an important role in signal transduction in animal cells, little is known about the function of PTPases in higher plants. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are the critical components of ABA signaling pathway in guard cells. PTPase is an important regulator of MAPK, which is believed to mediate ABA-induced H2O2 generation in guard cells of Vicia faba L. Here, we investigate the possible role of PTPases in stomatal movement process. Phenylarsine oxide (PAO), a specific inhibitor of PTPases, could prevent ABA or H2O2-induced stomatal closure of Vicia faba L; furthermore, it could promote opening of the stomata closed by ABA or H2O2. The activity of PTPases can be effectively inhibited by PAO and H2O2. DTT had no effect on the PAO-induced inhibition of PTPases activity, but it could relieve the inhibition of H2O2 on PTPases activity. PAO could also inhibit the ABA-induced H2O2 generation in guard cells of V‘wia faba L. These results suggested that PTPases is a critical signaling component in ABA-induced stomatal closure, and serve as targets for H2O2 lying on the signaling pathways downstream of ABA induced H2O2 generation.     

Involvement of nitric oxide in the signal transduction of salicylic acid regulating stomatal movement

The effects and the relationship between sali-cylic acid(SA)and nitric oxide(NO) on Vicia faba L.stomatal movement were studied.The results here showed that exogenous SA and NO induced stomatal closure,100μmol/L SA induced a rapid and striking NO increase in the cytosol of guard cells.This phenomenon was largely prevented by 2000μmol/L 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-l-oxyl-3-oxide(PTIO),a specific NO scavenger,and 25μmol/L N^G-nitro-L-Arg-methyl eater (L-NAME),an inhibitor of NO synthase(NOS) in mammalian cells that also inhibits plant NOS.In addition,SA-induced stomatal closure was largely prevented by PTIO and L-NAME.These results provide evidence that guard cells generate NO in response to SA via NOS-like activity,and that such NO production is required for full stomatal closure in response to SA.H-(1,2,4)-oxadiazole-[4,3-α]quinoxalin-l-one(ODQ),an inhibitor of guanylate cyclase,and nicotinamide,an antagonist of cADPR production,inhibited the effects of SA-and NO-induced stomatal closure.It suggests that both cGMP and cADPR might mediate the signal transduction of SA and NO-induced stomatal closure.     

Calcium channels activated by hydrogen peroxide mediate abscisic acid signalling in guard cells

Drought is a major threat to agricultural production. Plants synthesize the hormone abscisic acid (ABA) in response to drought, triggering a signalling cascade in guard cells that results in stomatal closure, thus reducing water loss. ABA triggers an increase in cytosolic calcium in guard cells ([Ca2+]cyt) that has been proposed to include Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane. However, direct recordings of Ca2+ currents have been limited and the upstream activation mechanisms of plasma membrane Ca2+ channels remain unknown. Here we report activation of Ca2+-permeable channels in the plasma membrane of Arabidopsis guard cells by hydrogen peroxide. The H2O2-activated Ca2+ channels mediate both influx of Ca2+ in protoplasts and increases in [Ca2+]cyt in intact guard cells. ABA induces the production of H2O2 in guard cells. If H2O2 production is blocked, ABA-induced closure of stomata is inhibited. Moreover, activation of Ca2+ channels by H2O2 and ABA- and H2O2-induced stomatal closing are disrupted in the recessive ABA-insensitive mutant gca2. These data indicate that ABA-induced H2O2 production and the H2O2-activated Ca2+ channels are important mechanisms for ABA-induced stomatal closing.     

铁氰化钴修饰铂电极的制备及其对H2O2的电催化作用

以铂电极为基体,用电沉积方法制备了铁氰化钴修饰电极,研究了该电极的电化学特性及H2O2在该修饰电极上的电化学行为。实验表明,该电极对H2O2具有催化作用;在4．9×10^-5～1．1×10^-3mol／L范围内,峰电流与H2O2的浓度呈线性关系（R=0．9986）,检出限为1．3×10^-5mol／L。