回路脉动热管稳定运行理论模型的建立与分析

运用热力学和流体力学的分析方法建立简单回路脉动热管稳定运行的理论模型.分析显示,稳定循环时,系统循环体积功用于克服系统循环耗散功,而系统循环耗散功(热)与热管传热量呈一定关系.通过关联蒸发段与冷凝段的流动和传热,工质初始参数,热管几何参数以及运行参数,对传热和流动进行耦合求解.结果表明,稳定运行充液率xv范围为10%～80%,稳定传热功率随蒸发段进口温度tel和蒸发段温升Δte的升高而增大,其中,温升的影响大于蒸发段进口温度的影响;充液率在30%～50%之间时,存在极限传热功率;传热量中的显热份额随蒸发段进口温度和温升的提高而降低,但不随充液率变化.     

加热段冷却段长度分配对脉动热管性能的影响

通过一系列的实验,探讨了脉动热管的加热段长度与冷却段长度分配对其极限热输送能力的影响.实验管为内径0.9mm、外径1.5mm、全长1 560mm的铜管,管内流体工质为R141b.实验揭示了5种不同长度配比的热管在不同充液率条件下的传热特性.结果发现当充液率较低时,如果加热段长度等于冷却段长度,则该热管有最大的极限热输送能力;而当充液率较高时,在加热段长度大于冷却段长度的条件下,该热管的极限热输送能力最强.     

热虹吸管相变传热行为CFD模拟

基于VOF模型和改进的相变模型对热虹吸管稳态相变传热过程进行CFD模拟,根据温度分布实验数据和可视化实验进行验证,并分析充液率对热管蒸发-冷凝传热行为的影响。研究结果表明:CFD模型能够较准确地描述热管工质的蒸发和冷凝过程,模拟得到热管各段均温的最大偏差为10.2 K,相对误差2.9%,采用改进的相变模型,温度分布模拟值与实验值一致性更好;模拟得到蒸发段工质流型转变过程与可视化实验定性相符;热管冷凝段以膜状冷凝传热为主,充液率的改变对其影响不大,充液率主要影响蒸发段的传热行为,进而影响热管的传热性能。该工作有助于对热管运行机理的理解,并为其CFD模拟提供指导。     

基于空调能量回收的平板热管传热性能

为了开发一种用于空调系统排风能量回收的热管式换热器,设计一种单面槽道板式脉动热管并对其传热性能进行实验研究,分析在空气强制对流冷却条件下冷热段比例、工质、充液率、倾角对其热性能的影响。研究结果表明:热管冷热段轴向长度比例为6:4时,导热性能最好;丙酮工质时的热管传热性能优于水工质的热管传热性能;倾角对其传热性能的影响不大;该热管采用丙酮工质、充液率为20%时具有最高的传热性能及最低的启动温度,适于空调系统排风的能量回收。     

微胶囊流体脉动热管的热输送性能

将外径为2.5 mm、内径为1.3 mm的铜管加工成四环脉动热管,在不同工质(3%的FS-39E型微胶囊流体、乙醇、水)和充液率(40%～80%)下探讨了脉动热管的启动特性,以及工质和充液率对脉动热管热输送性能的影响.结果表明:脉动热管的启动与充液率、热驱动力和工质有关;相比于乙醇和水,微胶囊流体作为工质时,脉动热管具有较宽的工作范围,尤其在高充液率的条件下,热管表现出良好的启动性能和热输送性能.     

重力热管壁温与传热特性的实验分析

使用FC-72、乙醇和水作为工质,根据热管各部分的温度变化,研究重力热管的启动、壁温波动和传热性能,分析工质对重力热管壁温和传热特性的综合影响.实验结果表明:重力热管在启动和运行过程中的壁温波动与内部工质和加热功率等因素相关,使用FC-72作为工质时,重力热管可在加热功率Q=10 W时平稳启动,以乙醇为工质时虽在启动中有温度波动但当加热功率升高时波动消失,而充有水的重力热管在小功率启动时温度波动较大,且存在温度波动的功率范围较广.所以FC-72或乙醇为工质时热管壁温稳定性较好;而以水作为工质时热管整体传热性能较好,冷凝热阻较小.同时蒸发段的轴向温度均匀性受工质类型和加热功率影响,在加热功率较小时,以FC-72为工质的热管蒸发段轴向均温性较差.     

脉动热管启动过程的实验研究

为了使电子设备在启动过程中具有更好的稳定性,采用控制恒定热流密度和冷凝温度的方法对平板开槽型脉动热管的启动过程进行了系统的实验研究．实验发现:在特定工况下,启动过程中脉动热管管内工质会突然剧烈沸腾,此时脉动热管蒸发段温度突然降低,冷凝段温度突然升高,广义热阻突然降低．针对本实验装置,存在一个使脉动热管启动迅速而且达到稳定运行状态时广义热阻最小的最佳充灌率(50%)、最佳管体倾斜角度(50°)和最佳加热功率(28．5 W)．热管冷却段冷却水流量对脉动热管启动性能影响较小．     

微胶囊流体脉动热管的热输送特性

本文采用外径为2.5mm,内径为1.3mm的铜管,做成四环脉动热管,在不同工质（3％的FS-39E型微胶囊流体、乙醇、水、）、不同充液率（40％～80％）的条件下进行对比实验,探讨了工质和充液率对脉动热管热输送性能的影响。结果发现：与乙醇、水对比,微胶囊流体具有较宽的工作范围,尤其在高充液率的条件下,表现出良好的启动性能和热输送性能。     

通讯基站分离式热管换热器的传热性能实验研究

通讯基站面临散热不均、散热系统能耗高等问题。分离式热管换热器能替代机房内空调的使用,有效减少基站散热系统能耗。分离式热管换热器传热性能的影响因素有充液率、工质类型和风量等。为了研究不同因素对换热性能的影响,通过理论计算对比分析了理论充液率和实际充液率的差异;搭建实验平台研究了不同充液率下换热器的传热性能变化规律,不同高、中温工质下换热器性能的差异以及室内外风机功率的改变对换热器性能的影响规律。研究发现：使用工质R134a时,最小充液率理论值和实际值的误差为4.74%,换热器最优充液率范围为27.1%～47.9%,且最佳充液率为31.6%,最佳充液率下换热器当量换热系数为909 W/℃;随着充液率的提升,换热器内部相变区域先增大后减小,传热形式由气态工质显热传热为主先变为工质相变潜热传热为主,而后变成液态工质显热传热为主;高温工质不适用于该分离式热管换热器,使用高温工质时,换热器内部无明显相变区域,换热器使用的工质沸点越低,相变区域越大,换热器性能越好,其最佳充液率范围也越大;随着室内、外风机功率增大,换热器性能均先迅速提升而后提升速率减缓,但蒸发器侧由于散热条件较差,提升内风机功率对系...     

环路热管系统温度波动的机理研究

从冷凝器两相区的水动力学不稳定性入手,分析了环路热管的温度波动机理,得出了冷凝器两相区不稳定性是系统温度波动的源动力之一.实验发现以甲醇为工质的环路热管系统温度波动集中发生在热负荷介于12~60 W时,而在该区间之外的较低和较高热负荷范围,系统能够平稳运行,这和理论分析结果相符合.另外,系统温度波动剧烈程度随着系统工质充灌量的增加而明显增强.与以甲醇为工质的环路热管相比,采用汽化潜热较小的丙酮为工质时,系统发生温度波动的热负荷范围变窄,同时温度波动剧烈程度明显降低.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.