含油污泥热解动力学研究

采用热重分析仪对含油污泥在氮气气氛下的热解特性进行实验研究,考察了不同操作参数下污泥的热重曲线和微分热重曲线.采用微分法对实验数据进行回归拟合,确定污泥热解机理方程,并求出反应动力学活化能和频率因子.实验结果表明,污泥的有机物热解阶段分为200～450 ℃和450～900 ℃;升温速率对污泥热解影响不明显,升温速率不同时,每个阶段活化能变化不大,热解第二阶段的活化能小于第一阶段的活化能;污泥的干燥程度对热解动力学参数影响较小.     

含油污泥热解动力学研究

采用热重分析仪对含油污泥在氮气气氛下的热解特性进行实验研究,考察了不同操作参数下污泥的热重曲线和微分热重曲线。采用微分法对实验数据进行回归拟合,确定污泥热解机理方程,并求出反应动力学活化能和频率因子。实验结果表明,污泥的有机物热解阶段分为200-450℃和450-900℃;升温速率对污泥热解影响不明显,升温速率不同时,每个阶段活化能变化不大,热解第二阶段的活化能小于第一阶段的活化能;污泥的干燥程度对热解动力学参数影响较小。     

污泥及其与煤混合物的热解特性和灰熔融特性

采用热重分析法对造纸污泥、市政污泥及其与煤的混合物的热解特性进行了系统研究.揭示了污泥、煤及其两者混合物热解特性的异同,研究了升温速率、掺混比等因素对混合试样热解特性的影响,提出了挥发分综合释放特性指数.研究表明:造纸污泥的挥发分析出特性与烟煤相当,而市政污泥的挥发分析出特性远优于造纸污泥和烟煤;在污泥与煤混合物的热解过程中,2种组分之间的相互作用可以忽略不计.随着升温速率的增加,污泥与煤混合物的挥发分初析温度提高,挥发分最高析出速率和平均析出速率升高.但升温速率对挥发分析出总量没有明显影响.测定了煤灰和污泥灰在不同混合比例下的熔融特征温度,测试结果表明,随着污泥灰比例的增大,混合试样的灰熔点逐渐下降,但由于存在低温共熔现象,不按线性规律变化.     

稀酸水解木素的热失重特性及其动力学分析

采用热重分析的方法研究了稀酸水解木素在不同升温速率时的热解特性及升温速率对热解反应的影响,并根据微分热重曲线,建立了动力学模型,计算了热解反应的动力学参数.结果表明:200～450℃温度区间是水解木素热解的主要阶段;随着升温速率的增大,热重曲线向高温区移动,升温速率为10、20和30℃/min时,失重速率分别在311.9、323.8和338.1℃左右出现最大值,且微分热重曲线均只出现一个较大的失重峰.根据Coats-Redfern法,稀酸水解木素在不同升温速率下的热解可用两个一级反应表示,随着升温速率的提高,活化能有所降低,低温区稀酸水解木素的活化能在18.27～18.47kJ/mol之间,高温区的在74.45～84.37kJ/mol之间.     

烟梗的热解特性分析

用同步热分析仪对打叶复烤生产副产品烟梗在不同升温速率条件下进行了热解试验,并分析了热解过程及其动力学规律.结果表明,烟梗的热解包括脱水、剧烈失重和缓慢失重3个过程,10℃/min、15℃/min和20℃/min升温速率下的热解峰值温度和热解指数均随升温速率的增加而增大,采用改良的Coats-Redfern积分法进行动力...     

稻壳和稻草的热重-质谱分析及其反应动力学

采用热重-质谱(TG-MS)联用对比研究了氮气气氛中稻壳和稻草在升温速率分别为5,20℃/min时的热解行为,分析得到了稻壳和稻草热裂解过程产生的小分子气相产物(CO,CO_2,CH_4,H_2)随温度和升温速率变化的释放规律.结果表明:稻壳和稻草的热解过程可分为脱水干燥预热解阶段、挥发分析出快速热解阶段和残余物裂解炭化阶段;稻草热解总失重率约为75%,稻壳约为55%,而且稻草的热解特性指数高于稻壳;稻草热解释放生物质燃气主要成分(CO,CH_4,H_2)的离子流强度明显高于稻壳;用Coats-Redfern法计算生物质的热解动力学参数,表观活化能和挥发分初始析出温度均是稻草稻壳,这与实验结果吻合,表明相同条件下稻草的热解性能优于稻壳.     

香港城市污泥热解特性实验

为了解香港城市污水污泥的热解特性,利用热重分析仪(TGA)对2个污水处理厂的干污泥进行了研究,探索了样品量、样品粒径和升温速率对热解的影响,建立了热解动力学模型.实验结果表明:干污泥的热解失重过程可分为2～3个阶段,在中低温段挥发分析出较多,热解反应剧烈;样品粒径在63～800μm内,颗粒粒径对污泥的热解影响不明显.随着升温速率的增加,热解特征温度呈升高的趋势;污泥热解的反应级数在1～2之间,整体平均活化能约60～72 kJ·mol-1.模拟计算表明线性叠加模型能够较准确描述香港城市污泥的热解过程.     

花生壳的热重-质谱分析及其反应动力学

采用热重-质谱联用(TG-MS)研究了氮气气氛中花生壳在不同升温速率(5,10和20℃/min)下的热解行为,分析得到了花生壳热裂解过程产生的小分子气相产物(CO2,CH4,H2,CO)随温度和升温速率变化的释放规律.结果表明:花生壳热裂解过程分为四个阶段,升温速率越大,花生壳热解的失重温度区间越宽,最大热解速率峰越陡峭.应用Flynn-Wall-Ozawa法得出花生壳热裂解过程不同转化率(0.2~0.8)下的活化能在57.3~88.6 k J/mol范围内.结合Achar微分法和Coats-Redfern积分法确定了该反应过程的机理函数表达式,将30种常用机理函数一一代入得出花生壳热裂解机理的最概然函数为球形对称的三维扩散Jander方程,反应级数为2级.     

毛竹酶解/温和酸解木素的热解特性

为有效利用竹材,进行毛竹全组分和木素单组分热解行为的研究,提出单组分木素的热解规律及其对毛竹全组分热解的影响.采用热重分析法对毛竹酶解/温和酸解木素(EMAL)的热解行为进行了研究,并与丙酮抽提后毛竹全组分的热解行为进行了对比.探讨了升温速率和热解温度对毛竹EMAL热失重行为的影响.利用Coats-Redfern法描述毛竹EMAL的热解过程,建立了动力学模型并通过计算得到了热解动力学参数.研究结果表明毛竹EMAL热解反应的主要温度范围是150～600℃,其热解动力学模型可用一级反应表征,所得活化能随升温速率的增大而增加.     

城市污水污泥热解动力学研究

采用热重分析法对南京市江心洲污水处理厂的污泥进行了热解动力学研究．实验结果表明：干燥污泥的热解在以20℃／min的升温速率从20℃升至800℃的过程中有3个失重速率较高的阶段,以挥发分析出阶段为主．通过Coat s-Redfern指数积分法,求出了这3个阶段的化学反应动力学参数——频率因子A和活化能E,得到污泥的热解动力学方程．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the