稠油油溶性降粘剂的合成与评价

本文采用丙烯酸十八酯(SA)、苯乙烯(S)、顺丁烯二酸酐(MAH)、丙烯酰胺衍生物(AA)作为聚合反应的单体,通过溶液聚合的方法合成一种油溶性四元聚合物SSAM。本文在实验中探讨温度、时间和反应物的配比等因素对降粘效果的影响。结果表明：降粘剂加入量为700μg.g-1时,在50℃使春晖稠油的表观粘度下降70%以上,净降粘率到达了40%,有良好的降粘效果。     

褐煤转化制取稠油降粘剂的研究

褐煤降解产物的组成分布和结构与稠油相似,可以利用褐煤转化来制取稠油降粘添加剂.其最佳转化条件:温度为155℃,压力为784.3 KPa,反应时间为2h,煤水比为300g/L.实验室考察结果表明,添加剂量为0.06％时,可使胜利单家寺稠油和大港羊三木稠油的粘度由原来的9600和4100mPa.s分别降至200和100 mPa.s.现场试验结果表明,降粘剂浓度为0.2％～0.35％(对活性水)时,可使管路压力降减少40％～60％,且稳定性良好.降粘剂(GY-1)还可适用于不同胶质、沥青质及不同含水量的稠油降粘,并易于脱水.     

稠油降粘工艺技术概述

矿场常用的稠油降粘技术分为物理降粘和化学降粘技术两大类。物理降粘主要包括:加热降粘技术、掺稀降粘技术、微波降粘技术、磁降粘技术。化学降粘主要包括:乳化降粘技术、油溶性降粘剂技术和降凝剂降粘技术。文章概述了目前常用的稠油降粘工艺技术的机理和主要存在的问题。对稠油降粘技术有了一个准确的总结,在此基础之上指出了今后降粘技术研究方向。     

储藏温度对库尔勒香梨动态粘弹特性的影响

采用Q800动态力学分析仪对4个温度水平下(-2℃、10℃、20℃和30℃)的库尔勒香梨果肉进行振荡剪切试验,以探讨温度对香梨果肉组织动态粘弹力学特性的影响,为香梨机械防损和质地品质保持提供指导。试验结果表明:不同温度下果肉的储能模量G′均远高于损耗模量G″,损耗正切tanδ(G″/G′)范围为0.082～0.095,表明香梨是以弹性为主导的粘弹体。香梨果肉组织的储能模量(G′)和损耗模量(G″)不受频率影响,均随温度下降呈上升趋势;当温差10℃时,各动态模量之间无显著差异,表明只有较大的变温幅度温才会对香梨果肉的粘弹特性和机械耐损性能有显著影响。     

壳聚糖的制备及降解工艺条件的选择

本文探讨了壳聚糖的制备方法及使用NaNO_2降解法制备低聚壳聚糖的工艺条件。采用酸碱水解的方法制得壳聚糖,并对其理化性质进行了检测;同时采用正交试验设计探讨了降解条件对产物特征粘度和粘均分子量的影响。试验结果表明,各降解条件对壳聚糖粘均分子量的影响大小为:反应时间>反应温度>10％NaNO_2用量>乙酸浓度,最佳处理为:10％NaNO_2的用量0.6mL,反应温度40℃,反应时间45min,乙酸浓度1％。     

稠油催化水热裂解降黏实验研究

采用高温高压反应釜模拟研究了稠油在开采过程中全温度段(50～300℃)条件下的催化水热裂解降黏反应,利用元素分析仪和高效液相色谱分析了稠油元素组成和族组成变化,利用旋转流变仪测试并分析了稠油黏度变化及黏温特性,初步探讨了200℃以下的稠油催化水热裂解降黏的实质.结果表明:稠油在低温条件下水热裂解反应降黏以破坏弱化学作用力为主,稠油降黏率与重质组分减少密切相关.有催化剂存在时,稠油催化裂解作用的主要温度在150～200℃,反应24 h降黏率可达到80%以上.     

聚氧乙稀醇醚牛磺酸钠的合成研究

对聚氧乙稀醇醚牛磺酸钠合成的研究,考察了反应介质、滴加温度、反应物投料比、反应温度、反应时间、体系PH值对该合成的影响。实验结果表明:合成聚氧乙烯醇醚牛磺酸钠的优化条件为:水-异丙醇混合溶液作溶剂,V(水):V(异丙醇)=1∶1,n(牛磺酸):n(氯代醇醚)=1.5∶1.0,反应体系pH为8～9,反应温度65℃,反应时间5h,聚氧乙烯醇醚牛磺酸钠的收率为8.08%。     

新型强磁防蜡器

一种高磁能极的防蜡器—GYF型强磁防蜡器由上海交通大学研制成功,并在江都县强磁技术应用厂投入生产。目前该新产品已在中原油田、江苏油田投入试验运行。该防蜡器采用了螺旋积分阶梯式强磁场,磁体为高性能的稀土钴永磁材料,在3年内磁场强度可稳定在98％左右,应用温度在—40℃～128℃之间。它主要适用于多种地层条件下高含蜡油井的防蜡降粘,从而进一步延长清蜡周期,提高产量。此外它还可用于自喷井,以代替机械刮蜡器,安装在集油管道上作除垢器,安装在输油管道上起到降粘防蜡作用,具有安装简单、省时省工、使用方便等优点,在各油田采油场、集输油管道上有推广应用价值。     

新型灭蚊驱蚊剂配方六则

电热灭蚊片 (毫克) 丙烯菊酯 80 胡椒基丁醚 20 特丁基羟基甲苯 10 叶绿素铜(药力指示剂) 4 香料 3 制法:将上述混合物浸于纸片上。电热温度80～110℃。自热灭蚊剂     

二甲醚自热重整制氢过程的热力学分析

对二甲醚自热重整制氢体系进行了热力学计算和分析,探讨了反应体系的理论最大能效以及达到热力学平衡时产物等的变化情况,分析了水醚摩尔比、氧醚摩尔比、反应温度等因素对体系平衡组成的影响.分析发现,固定水醚摩尔比时,二甲醚自热重整理论完全反应可在某一氧醚摩尔比下达到自热平衡点,此时反应能量效率最高;重整反应在水醚摩尔比为2.0～4.0、氧醚摩尔比为0.4～0.5以及温度为150～350℃的条件下,产物中氢气摩尔分数高于50%,氢气产率高于80%,产物中一氧化碳摩尔分数低于5%,反应理论最大能效高于85%.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with