酶催化合成丁酸丁酯

以酶为催化剂，正丁醇与王丁酸一步反应可合成丁酸丁酯，本实验考察了不同类型的酶催化剂和普通催化剂、酶催化剂用量、醇酸摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间等因素对合成酯收率的影响．优化的反应条件：醇酸摩尔比为1．3：1．0，酶催化剂用量比为4．0％，反应时间为30min，反应温度为25—35℃，酯产率可达94．1％．     

硫酸铈铵催化合成乙酸异戊酯的研究

以硫酸铈铵为催化剂，乙酸和异戊醇为原料，合成乙酸异戊酯。考察了醇酸摩尔比，催化剂用量，反应时间诸因素对产品收率的影响。实验表明：硫酸铈铵是合成乙酸异戊酯的良好催化剂，在醇酸摩尔比为1．8：1；催化剂用量为1．5g；反应时间3．0h的优化条件下，乙酸异戊酯的收率可达91．4％。     

固体超强酸TiO2/SO2-4催化合成乙酸戊酯的研究

对以固体超强酸TiO2／SO^2-4为催化剂，冰醋酸和戊醇为原料，催化合成乙酸戊酯的反应进行了研究，探讨了催化剂用量、醇酸比、反应时间等对酯化反应的影响。结果表明：醇酸摩尔比为1：3，催化剂用量为1．5g,反应时间为1．5h，酯的产率达94．6％。     

硫酸氢钠催化合成没食子酸正丁酯

以没食子酸和正丁醇为原料，采用一水合硫酸氢钠作催化剂合成没食子酸正丁酯．研究了一水合硫酸氢钠用量、正丁醇用量和反应时间对没食子酸正丁酯收率的影响．当没食子酸，正丁醇和硫酸氢钠的物质的量比为1：15：0.034。回流分水5h，酯收率达92．3％．     

硫酸氢钠催化合成异戊酸异戊酯的研究

利用硫酸氢钠作为酯化反应催化剂合成了异戊酸异戊酯，其最佳反应条件为：催化剂用量1.Og，醇酸摩尔比1．5：1．0，带水剂甲苯10ml，反应时间1．5h，酯化率可达90．3％。该催化剂易分离回收，可重复使用。     

钛酸四丁酯催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯

以柠檬酸和正丁醇为原料，钛酸四丁酯为催化剂合成柠檬酸三丁酯，用单因素分析法研究醇酸摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间及反应温度对酯化反应的影响。结果表明，酯化反应的最佳条件为：n(醇)：n(酸)：3．6：1.0，催化剂用量为柠檬酸质量的0．40％，反应时间4h，反应温度130～140℃，酯化率达到94．51％，纯度大于99．1％。     

TiSiW_(12)O_(40)/TiO_2催化合成抗氧化剂没食子酸丙酯的研究

以TiSiW12O40/TiO2为催化剂,用没食子酸与正丙醇直接酯化合成了抗氧化剂没食子酸丙酯(PG),通过正交试验确定了醇酸物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间对PG收率的影响.得到的最佳工艺条件为:醇酸物质的量比为8∶1,催化剂用量为没食子酸质量的2%,反应时间为3 h,PG的收率可达95.1%.实验表明,该催化剂用于合成PG具有极好的催化活性和重复使用性.     

TiSiW1240/TiO2催化合成抗氧化剂没食子酸丙酯的研究

以TiSiW12O40/TiO2为催化剂,用没食子酸与正丙醇直接酯化合成了抗氧化剂没食子酸丙酯(PG),通过正交试验确定了醇酸物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间对PG收率的影响.得到的最佳工艺条件为:醇酸物质的量比为8:1,催化剂用量为没食子酸质量的2%,反应时间为3 h,PG的收率可达95.1%.实验表明,该催化剂用于合成PG具有极好的催化活性和重复使用性.     

壳聚糖硫酸盐催化合成没食子酸丙酯

以壳聚糖硫酸盐为催化剂,用没食子酸与正丙醇直接酯化合成了没食子酸丙酯(PG),用正交试验确定了醇酸摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间对PG收率的影响.得到了最佳工艺条件为:醇酸摩尔比为10∶1,催化剂用量为1.0g,反应时间为4h,PG的收率可达91.3%.实验表明,该催化剂用于合成PG具有良好的催化活性和重复使用性.     

磷钼杂多酸银盐催化合成醋酸异戊酯的研究

本文以磷钼杂多酸银盐为催化剂,对醋酸异戊酯的合成反应进行了研究,探讨了催化剂用量、醇酸摩尔比、反应时间对酯产率的影响。结果表明：在异戊醇用量为０．２５ｍｏｌ的情况下,以环已烷为带水剂,用磷钼杂多酸银盐为催化剂,催化剂用量为 １．５ｇ,醇酸摩尔比为１：１．４,在回流温度下反应２小时后,再用分水装置反应１小时,酯产率达９２．８％。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…