Mg-6Gd-Y-0.6Zr的析出行为和力学性能

利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X线衍射、透射电镜等手段研究添加1％Y(质量分数,下同)对Mg-6Gd-0.6Zr 合金析出行为和力学性能的影响.研究结果表明:添加合金元素Y能大大促进Mg-6Gd合金的时效析出;具有高过饱和度的Mg-6Gd-Y-0.6Zr合金在200℃表现出显著的时效硬化现象;随着时效温度的升高,晶界周围析出相极度粗化并且β'相体积分数降低、分布不均;尤其在250℃峰时效的组织中观察到Mg-6Gd合金所不具备的β'相.200℃时效72 h后,合金获得优异的力学性能,其室温抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率分别为354MPa,292MPa和9.5％,250℃时抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率分别为307MPa,220MPa和13.6％.     

Cu-0.3Cr-0.15Zr合金时效时的析出相

利用透射电镜研究了Cu-0.3Cr-0.15Zr合金920℃固溶时效及固溶并经形变后时效时的析出相。结果表明：固溶后470℃时效时，过饱和固溶体分解为稳定的体心立方Cr相和cu4Zr相；固溶并形变合金在470℃时效，电子衍衬像有两叶花瓣状的共格畸变衬度，析出相为Cr相。     

固溶时效处理对Ni50Ti44Al6合金微观组织和力学性能的影响

采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射、室温和高温压缩试验等方法研究了固溶时效对Ni50Ti44Al6合金微观组织和力学性能的影响.Ni50Ti44Al6合金的铸态微观组织是由NiTi基体和沿晶界分布的网状组织构成.随着固溶温度升高,合金中的网状组织部分消失,第二相在基体中趋向于均匀的弥散分布;随时效时间延长,合金的强度先升高后降低.固溶时效处理能有效改善Ni50Ti44Al6合金的力学性能.最佳的处理制度为:合金在1150℃固溶6 h,水淬,再在700℃时效6 h.     

固溶处理对AZ91D镁合金时效态微观组织和性能的影响

以AZ91D镁合金为研究对象,研究了固溶处理对后期时效处理效果的影响.结果表明:415℃固溶处理5h后,铸态AZ91D镁合金中分布在晶界处的网状脆性相β-Mg_(17)A_(12)基本全部溶入基体相α-Mg中.后续时效期间沉淀相β-Mg_(17)A_(12)主要在晶界处不连续析出细小条状晶;而在晶内则连续析出颗粒状或短棒状晶.固溶时效处理后析出的β-Mg_(17)A_(12)相尺寸较铸态时大幅减小.晶内析出的β-Mg_(17)A_(12)相尺寸和间距小于400nm时,对提高合金力学性能的贡献很大.拉伸断口上撕裂片越大、解理台阶越多,则晶内析出β-Mg_(17)A_(12)相的尺寸越小、数量越多、分布越弥散,极有利于大幅提高合金的力学性能.415℃固溶处理10、24h后再经200℃时效处理16h,合金的抗拉强度出现2个峰值,较铸态时分别提高22.2%、34%,硬度提高了35.8%、34.7%.     

近 α 耐高温钛合金的显微组织和力学性能在热处理过程中的演变规律

耐高温钛合金具有比强度高、比模量高和高温性能优异的优点,主要应用在高性能航空发动机叶片和叶盘,超声速巡航导弹壳体和军用柴油发动机气门等领域。然而,目前对新型耐650℃高温钛合金热处理过程中微纳结构和力学性能演变的研究尚少。本文通过XRD、SEM、EBSD、TEM和拉伸试验等方法研究了热处理过程中合金的显微组织、力学性能和断裂特征的演变规律。研究表明,随固溶温度提升,初生 α 相含量逐渐较小,β 转变组织含量逐渐增加。β 转变组织内部析出大量层片状 α 晶粒, 层片的宽度随固溶温度的提升逐渐增加。锻态合金内部既存在尺寸较大的等轴和棒状硅化物,也析出纳米尺寸的硅化物。元素分析表明,大尺寸硅化物或许为(Ti, Zr, Nb)₅Si₃ 和 (Ti, Zr, Nb)₆Si₃。热处理后,尺寸较小的棒状硅化物在残余 β 相中析出,它们与 α/β 界面近似为45°。热处理态合金中的残余 β 相呈半连续状。合金经980°C/1 h固溶和700°C/4 h时效处理后表现出最优的室温和高温（650°C）力学性能的匹配。     

Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr合金板材制备过程中组织性能的演变

采用拉伸力学性能、硬度、电导率测试以及X线衍射(XRD)物相分析和电子显微分析技术研究Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr合金板材在制备过程中的组织性能演变.研究结果表明:铸态合金在350℃/8 h单级均匀化处理过程中析出细小弥散的Al3(Sc,Zr)粒子,但同时也析出大量粗大T相,合金过饱和度降低,强度下降;在350℃/8h+470℃/24 h双级均匀化第二级过程中,T相回溶入基体,而Al3(Sc,Zr)粒子特性基本上没有发生变化;由于Al3(Sc,Zr)粒子的抑制再结晶作用,合金热轧、退火以及冷轧后固溶状态下为纤维状变形组织;时效后合金析出大量细小弥散分布的η’相,具有很强的强化效果.     

蠕变时效对Mg-8.8Gd-3.4Y-1.5Nd-0.5Zr合金力学性能和微观组织的影响

采用蠕变时效实验、维氏硬度、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和拉伸性能测试等手段研究蠕变时效在相同时间下对Mg-8.8Gd-3.4Y-1.5Nd-0.5Zr合金力学性能和显微组织影响。研究结果表明:Mg-8.8Gd-3.4Y-1.5Nd-0.5Zr合金蠕变时效时的稳态蠕变速率随着蠕变应力的增加与温度的升高而增大;蠕变时效能够细化析出相尺寸,加快合金时效析出相析出速率,从而缩短到达峰值时效的时间;外加应力会使合金β′相产生应力位向效应,导致合金形成β′相与β′e交错排列的链状析出相,应力位向效应对合金的力学性能产生不利影响。     

X70管线钢中含Nb相的析出行为

以首钢生产的某X70管线钢成分为基础,利用Thermo--Calc软件计算了不同温度下钢中析出相的组成、相的析出温度及Nb元素的析出规律,研究了钢中Nb和C含量对Nb析出规律的影响,利用热模拟和扫描电镜等手段分析了钢中Nb合金相的析出温度.结果表明,平衡态下该X70管线钢中的析出相主要为Ti、Nb的碳氮化物、合金渗碳体、Ti4C2S2、MnS、AlN、M7C3和Mo碳化物.Nb析出相主要以Nb和C元素为主,其中固溶Ti和N元素.随Nb和C含量的增加,Nb合金相的析出温度升高,在同一温度下Nb的析出量增加.     

时效处理对Cu-Cr-Ti合金组织与性能的影响

由于高强、高导Cu-Cr-Zr合金在工业化生产熔炼时不易控制Zr的收得率,通过采用Ti替代Zr,以期获得易熔炼以及性能与Cu-Cr-Zr合金相当的时效强化型Cu-Cr-Ti合金。采用真空感应熔炼技术,经过热锻、固溶、冷轧、时效共4道工序,制备了Cu-Cr-Ti合金板材;对时效后的Cu-Cr-Ti合金的组织状态、析出相形态、析出相与基体的界面关系进行了分析;对合金的抗拉强度和导电率进行了测试。结果表明：450 ℃时效60 min后,Cu-0.45Cr-0.14Ti合金的综合性能最佳,抗拉强度和导电率分别达到620 MPa和64.9 %IACS;Cu-0.45Cr-0.14Ti合金中纳米尺寸的Cr强化相呈现椭圆形和双花瓣形,2种形状的析出相粒子均为面心立方结构,且均与基体保持完全共格关系。     

形变热处理对Cu0.3Cr0.1Zr合金上引铸坯杆组织性能的影响

通过对上引Cu-0.3Cr-0.1Zr合金固溶处理、冷拉拔以及随后的时效处理工艺,研究冷拉拔形变及时效对材料力学性能、导电性能及组织结构的影响规律.结果表明:时效前的冷拉拔变形能提高Cu-0.3Cr-0.1Zr合金的力学性能而保持较高的导电率;合金在950 ℃固溶1 h后,经70%冷拉拔变形和500 ℃时效4 h,合金抗拉强度和导电率分别达到了418 MPa和87 %IACS;时效合金组织转变过程为:固溶体→G.P.区→Cr+Cu₄Zr,析出相对位错运动的阻碍是合金强化的重要机制.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the