模式湿物理过程的组合对一次南京大暴雨降水模拟的影响分析

以第五代中尺度模式（MM5）为基础,本文对一次南京大暴雨个例进行了三组数值模拟试验,研究了模式湿物理过程参数化方案的组合对梅雨暴雨降水预报的影响.试验结果表明：模式的积云对流参数化方案的选用对南京大暴雨的预报至关重要,积云对流参数化方案的选用比边界层参数化对暴雨数值预报的影响大;对20km模式分辨率而言,采用单一的积云...     

适用北京地区短历时强降水模拟的WRF模型物理参数化方案研究

以短历时强降水为特征的暴雨事件增多是北京地区近年来暴雨内涝频发的主要原因.为提高北京地区短历时强降水的模拟和预报能力,选用WRF(weather research and forecasting,WRF)模型中对降水模拟结果影响较为明显的3类参数化方案组成12组物理参数化方案组合,对北京地区具有不同中尺度环流特征的2类共8场短历时强降水事件进行模拟.基于构建的评价指标体系,评估各类参数化方案模拟北京地区短历时强降水过程的能力,评选出综合表现最好的物理参数化方案组合.研究结果表明:积云对流参数化方案对各类型强降水模拟结果的影响最大,云微物理参数化方案次之,行星边界层参数化方案的影响最小;从模拟北京地区短历时强降水过程的综合能力来看,表现较好且较稳定的方案分别为WSM6云微物理参数化方案、GD积云参数化方案和MYJ行星边界层方案;从模型模拟不同类型强降水过程的整体表现来看,模型对具有连续性降水特点且受地形抬升作用影响相对较小的第2类强降水过程的模拟效果最好,而对具有间歇性降水特点的深对流强降水过程及其相关的湿物理过程的模拟效果较差.研究结果对于提高区域强降水预警预报能力,改进模型参数化方案具有参考意义.     

雅砻江流域WRF模式构建及应用

针对雅砻江流域构建了数值天气预报(WRF)模式,使用7种云微物理参数化方案和3种积云对流参数化方案对3场典型暴雨进行了模拟和ETS综合评价,得出了WSM3和GD的参数化方案组合较优的结论,为WRF模式在雅砻江流域的深入应用提供了重要参考.此外,为了验证构建的WRF模式在水文应用方面的有效性,将其与HEC-HMS分布式水文模型进行了单向耦合,结果显示耦合模型对径流的模拟效果较好,说明WRF模式能够反映产生洪峰和维持径流的降水信号,其在流域径流模拟和预报中有较大的应用潜力.     

WRF3.0参数化敏感性及集合预报试验

为了研究WRF模式中的参数化方案对暴雨数值模拟的影响及物理过程集合预报在WRF降水集合预报中的适用性,利用中尺度WRF3.0数值模式,将模式中的物理过程参数化方案进行组合,构造了20个集合预报成员,对2003年7月8、9日发生在江淮地区的一次降水过程进行了集合预报试验。得到:集合成员之间存在一定的不确定性,不确定性随降水量级增大而增大,最终维持在一个较高的水平;通过定量比较发现,对于0.1 mm量级降水和25 mm以上量级降水,积云对流参数化方案对降水的影响要大于行星边界层方案对降水的影响;而对于10 mm量级降水,行星边界层方案对降水的影响要大于积云参数化方案对降水的影响。对20个预报成员进行了集合平均及降水概率预报试验,结果表明,集合平均的结果要比各个成员的稳定、可靠;概率预报能够提供一些有利于降水预报的信息。     

云微物理参数化方案对青藏高原一次对流云降水模拟的影响

利用WRF V3.9.1中尺度数值天气预报模式(mesoscale numerical weather forecast model,WRF)7种云微物理参数化方案,对2015年8月13日青藏高原那曲地区一次对流云降水过程进行数值模拟,对比分析不同云微物理参数化方案对降水、环流以及相关物理量模拟的影响.结果表明:WRF模式能够较好地模拟本次对流云降水过程,但不同云微物理参数化方案对降水、环流场等物理量的模拟有明显影响.在降水落区方面,各方案模拟的雨区范围普遍偏大,仅Lin和CAMS方案较好地模拟出那曲中部的降水中心,而对于降水量,除WSM5、Morrison和New Thompson方案模拟值偏低外,其余方案模拟结果与实况值较为一致.此外,不同云微物理参数化方案模拟的降水日变化同样存在差异,大部分方案能够再现本次降水过程的前两次降水峰值,但均未能模拟出第3次降水峰值.对于大气环流和水热物理量场,各方案也可较好地再现其基本特征,但方案间的差异不可忽视.总体来说,Lin方案对本次高原对流云降水过程降水以及环流等相关物理量的模拟效果最佳.     

一次梅雨锋暴雨在不同物理过程下的模拟结果比较

本文研究对象为2005年7月江淮流域的一次梅雨锋暴雨,通过选择WIKF模式中五组不同的微物理方案和积云参数化方案,进行两重网格嵌套模拟。并对模拟结果进行诊断分析。通过比较得出如下结论：Betts—Miller-Janjic方案与Ferrier（new Eta）微物理方案的组合最能模拟出降水雨带的方向、位置和雨量,其次是New—Kain—Fritsch和Ferrier（new Eta）方案的组合,而且细网格的模拟效果更好;积云参数化方案的选择比微物理方案的选择对降水模拟的影响大;当微物理方案相同时,Betrs—Miller-janjic方案比New—Kain—Fritsch方案在细网格模拟下更准确反映梅雨锋暴雨的热力结构和垂直运动的特征,对暴雨的落区有一定指示作用。     

一次特大暴雨天气的数值模拟试验研究

目的检验各非绝热物理过程参数化方案对模式输出结果的影响,进一步了解和认识MM5模式中不同积云对流参数化方案的性能、特点和适用范围,为合理选择使用模式中的物理过程参数化方案提供依据,提高模式对类似暴雨天气过程的预报能力。方法运用相互比较和试验分析的方法在不同模式分辨率下,对MM5V3模式中的不同物理过程参数化方案设计18种组合方案,进行比较试验和分析。结果主要雨带位置对参数化方案并不是十分敏感,但模拟的暴雨中心强度、范围、雨带走向随参数化方案的不同有较大变化,甚至出现虚假的强降水中心。各组合方案模拟的天气尺度系统水平环流结构差别较小,模拟的中尺度系统结构存在着较大差别,这种差别对定点、定量降水的准确预报产生影响。结论在实际预报中可根据初始气象场的分型特点选择较合适的组合方案启动数值预报模式,从而达到提高模式对类似暴雨天气过程的预报能力。     

一次梅雨锋暴雨在不同物理过程下的模拟结果比较

本文研究对象为2005年7月江淮流域的一次梅雨锋暴雨,通过选择WRF模式中五组不同的微物理方案和积云参数化方案,进行两重网格嵌套模拟,并对模拟结果进行诊断分析。通过比较得出如下结论:Betts-Miller-Janjic方案与Ferrier(new Eta)微物理方案的组合最能模拟出降水雨带的方向、位置和雨量,其次是New-Kain-Fritsch和Ferrier(new Eta)方案的组合,而且细网格的模拟效果更好;积云参数化方案的选择比微物理方案的选择对降水模拟的影响大;当微物理方案相同时,Betts-Miller-Janjic方案比New-Kain-Fritsch方案在细网格模拟下更准确反映梅雨锋暴雨的热力结构和垂直运动的特征,对暴雨的落区有一定指示作用。     

基于集合预报思想对一次暴雨过程的数值模拟

用MM5-V3对江淮流域的一次暴雨过程进行数值模拟，为了消除单一的确定性预报在暴雨落区和强度方面的可信度不稳定。其中积云对流参数化方案分别采取5种不同的方案进行了计算，又对5种结果进行平均得到集合模拟结果。分析不同的模拟结果发现，对降水量的模拟，集合模拟结果更接近实况。不同的积云对流参数化方案对雨带位置的模拟效果相近。但对于卢中尺度雨团的模拟具有不确定性，而不同参数化方案的集合模拟结果，无论是对雨带还是雨团的模拟都是比较成功的，这也说明集合预报可以消除物理过程的不确定性，是提高预报准确率的一条有效途径。     

基于WRF模式的不同参数化方案组合对秦巴山区2m温度、降水模拟研究

利用2015年1月和7月气象台站观测资料,对比分析WRF模式不同微物理方案、积云参数化方案、短波辐射方案以及边界层参数化方案组合对秦巴山区2m温度和降水的模拟效果,旨在给出适用于秦巴山区高分辨率模拟的参数化组合方案,为秦巴山区高时空分辨率数值模拟研究提供基础。结果表明:不同参数化方案组合对秦巴山区2m温度和降水模拟存在明显差异,Goddard、K-F、WSM6、YSU组合能够较好的模拟秦巴山区冬季2m温度;Dudhia、BMJ、WSM6、YSU组合能够较好的模拟秦巴山区夏季2m温度;Dudhia、K-F、Ferrier、YSU组合能够较好地模拟秦巴山区冬季降水,Dudhia、K-F、Lin、YSU组合能够较好地模拟秦巴山区夏季降水。模式地形与实际观测站地形的高度差越大,2m温度的模拟结果越差。     

特殊地形下对WRF模式积云参数化的研究应用

以发生在地形复杂的四川地区2012年07月03日暴雨为个例,从环流形势、水汽通量和云微物理量3方面具体研究WRFV3.3版本模式7种积云方案对暴雨模拟的效果,结果表明:BMJ方案和KF方案模拟降水效果好于GD和G3D方案,TS评分表明BMJ方案和KF方案得分要远远高于其它方案,GD和G3d方案得分最低.云水混合比与雨水混合比的含量高低直接影响模式预报降水量强度,高层大气模拟值的大小对降水量预报起着主要作用.除KF方案以外,其它积云方案模拟的云水混合比发展要早于雨水混合比,随后两者几乎同步发展,云水混合比和雨水混合比值迅速增长后,降水落区和降水范围迅速扩大.最终结果表明在四川地区利用WRF模拟暴雨,积云参数化方案考虑使用KF和BMJ方案,不使用GD和G3d方案.     

Development and improvement of mass flux convection parameterization scheme and its applications in the seasonal climate predication model

The features of Gregory cumulus parameterization scheme, which is used in British Weather Office, are researched and then this scheme is developed and improved according to the characteristics of area precipitation over China. Firstly, the influence of the large-scale convergence in lower tropopause upon cumulus convection is directly taken into account in a “bulk“ cloud model. The organized entrainment and detrainment is considered in the model. Secondly, the initial mass flux is revised. Thirdly, the effects of subcooling water upon saturation vapour pressure are considered. Eventually, the drown-draft air is regulated. For several years, the numerical forecast of seasonal precipitation in China has been carried out by using the modified Gregory scheme. The result shows that the model with improved Gregory scheme well simulates the precipitation over China and the prediction result is good.     

Entrainment-mixing parameterization in shallow cumuli and effects of secondary mixing events

Parameterization of entrainment-mixing pro- cesses in cumulus clouds is critical to improve cloud parameterization in models, but is still at its infancy. For this purpose, we have lately developed a formulation to represent a microphysical measure defined as homoge- neous mixing degree in terms of a dynamical measure defined as transition scale numbers, and demonstrated the formulation with measurements from stratocumulus clouds. Here, we extend the previous work by examining data from observed cumulus clouds and find positive cor- relations between the homogeneous mixing degree and transition scale numbers. These results are similar to those in the stratocumulus clouds, but proved valid for the first time in observed cumulus clouds. The empiricalrelationships can be used to parameterize entrainment- mixing processes in two-moment microphysical schemes. Further examined are the effects of secondary mixing events on the relationships between homogeneous mixing degree and transition scale numbers with the explicit mixing parcel model. The secondary mixing events are found to be at least partially responsible for the larger scatter in the above positive correlations based on obser- vations than that in the previous results based on numerical simulations without considering secondary mixing events.     

层状云微物理结构演变特征的个例研究

在人工增雨作业的同时,利用机载粒子测量系统对一次降水云系的探测资料进行了深入分析,给出了云和降水的宏微观结构演变特性,研究表明：（１）层状云中的中小尺度降水云区,是造成地面降水分布不均匀的物理原因;（２）云滴浓度与平均直径之间呈负相关关系;（３）支滴谱的垂直分布是典型的３种类型;（４）层状云微结构在水平方向上的起伏较大,存在４种不同类型。     

High-resolution seasonal snowfall simulation over Northeast China

Performance of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model in simulating seasonal snowfall over Northeast China was examined. The influences of horizontal resolution and physics parameterization schemes were also investigated. The results indicate that WRF can reasonably reproduce the main features of temperature and precipitation. The simulated spatial and temporal distribution of snowfall compared well with observations. Higher resolution simulations achieved better results, and WRF was found to be more sensitive to the choice of land surface and microphysics scheme than convective cumulus parameterization scheme.     

Parameterization for narrow band optical properties of water clouds

The equivalent radius of cloud droplets is an important microphysical parameter in determining the optical properties of clouds. But for the present schemes of parameterization with merely the equivalent radius, the role of small droplets in clouds has not been considered properly. In this paper, several parameterization schemes are pre sented, and their performances have been analyzed through comparison with Mie scattering calculations and accurate ra diative transfer computations. The results show that for the parameterization scheme, in addition to the equivalent ra dius, including also the mean radius of cloud droplets, the role of small cloud droplets might be considered more proper ly and better accuracy could be achieved.     

Parameterization for narrow band optical properties of water clouds

The equivalent radius of cloud droplets is an important microphysical parameter in determining the optical properties of clouds. But for the present schemes of parameterization with merely the equivalent radius, the role of small droplets in clouds has not been considered properly. In this paper, several parameterization schemes are pre sented, and their performances have been analyzed through comparison with Mie scattering calculations and accurate ra diative transfer computations. The results show that for the parameterization scheme, in addition to the equivalent ra dius, including also the mean radius of cloud droplets, the role of small cloud droplets might be considered more proper ly and better accuracy could be achieved.     

Parameterization for narrow band shortwave optical properties of water clouds

Based on the drop size distribution models built from the observational data of microphysical properties of water clouds, the relationships between the optical properties and microphysical characteristics of water clouds have been investigated, and some different parameterization schemes of cloud optical properties have been analyzed. It is found that with the parameterization scheme, in addition to the equivalent radius, also including the mean radius of cloud droplet size distribution, the role of small cloud drops might be able to be considered more properly and better accuracies of parameterization calculation of cloud optical properties can be obtained, compared with that of using only the equivalent radius as parameter.