BGA封装中含Bi,Ni的无铅焊球剪切强度研究

对Sn/3.5Ag/0.7Cu,Sn/3Ag/3Bi/0.5Cu和Sn/3Ag/3Bi/0.5Cu/0.1Ni三种BGA无铅焊球(0.76 mm)经不同热循环后,在FR-4基板上的剪切强度进行了测量.采用SEM和EDX对样品截面进行观察和元素分析.数据表明,Bi的掺入提高了焊料的润湿性及焊接强度,并减缓了IMC的生长速度;焊料中加入微量Ni可有效减小焊点下金属上Ni镀层的耗穿速度,抑制了焊球经热循环后焊接强度的下降.     

Sn2.5Ag0.7Cu0.1RE/Cu钎焊接头电迁移组织与性能

研究了温度对Sn2.5Ag0.7Cu0.1RE/Cu钎焊接头电迁移组织与性能的影响。随着环境温度从100℃升高到140℃,及通电时间从24 h延长到72 h,Sn2.5Ag0.7Cu0.1RE/Cu钎焊接头阴极侧界面间金属化合物(IMC)Cu_6Sn_5逐渐变薄,由"扇贝状"变为"锯齿状"。阳极侧界面间IMC逐渐增厚,由"扇贝状"不断长大并形成凸起的小丘,且在母材接合处出现一层薄薄的Cu3Sn层。界面阳极侧IMC增加的厚度比界面阴极侧IMC减少的厚度大。Sn2.5Ag0.7Cu0.1RE/Cu钎焊接头剪切强度持续降低。随着温度升高,相应的剪切断口由钎缝区的解理与韧窝共存在的混合型断裂,逐渐变为界面阴极侧IMC的以解理为主的脆性断裂。     

Ni-rGO增强Sn2.5Ag0.7Cu0.1RE复合钎料/Cu钎焊接头电迁移组织与性能

借助扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、X射线衍射仪和微剪切试验等手段,研究了镀镍还原氧化石墨烯(Ni-rGO)增强Sn2.5Ag0.7Cu0.1RE复合钎料/Cu钎焊接头电迁移组织与性能。研究结果表明:在恒温120℃、电流密度1×10~4 A/cm~2条件下,随着通电时间的增加,Ni-rGO增强Sn2.5Ag0.7Cu0.1RE复合钎料/Cu钎焊接头电迁移阳极区金属间化合物(IMC)层Cu_6Sn_5和Cu_3Sn平均厚度增大,阴极区界面IMC层Cu_6Sn_5平均厚度减小、Cu_3Sn平均厚度先增大后减小。Ni-rGO的添加,明显抑制了Ni-rGO增强Sn2.5Ag0.7Cu0.1RE复合钎料/Cu钎焊接头电迁移阳极区Cu_6Sn_5的生长及阴极区微空洞的生成,提高了钎焊接头剪切强度。通电72 h后,Ni-rGO增强Sn2.5Ag0.7Cu0.1RE复合钎料/Cu钎焊接头的剪切强度较未添加Ni-rGO的提高了47.8%。复合钎料/Cu钎焊接头电迁移剪切断裂,由阴极钎缝区呈以韧窝为主的韧性断裂,向界面IMC由解理、准解理和少量韧窝组成的混合型断裂转变。     

Sn-Zn钎料Cu接头的界面反应及力学性能

研究了时效对Sn-Zn-Bi-Nd/Cu接头的界面反应和力学性能的影响.实验结果表明:经过150 ℃下400 h时效,反应扩散层中不仅原有的Cu5Zn8反应层厚度增加,在近Cu一侧还形成了Cu6Sn5反应层.此外,实验发现在Cu5Zn8反应层中易形成微裂纹,且裂纹长度随着时效时间的延长而增加.此时Sn-Zn钎料接头的剪切强度低于Sn-Pb钎料接头的剪切强度,断裂形式为贯穿CusZns反应层的解理断裂.在80℃时效后,Sn-Zn钎料接头的剪切断口位于钎料区,断裂形式为延性断裂,当时效时间达到1000 h,接头的剪切强度与Sn-Pb钎料接头的剪切强度相当.     

Ni-GNSs增强Sn2.5Ag0.7Cu0.1RE复合钎料/Cu钎焊接头热迁移组织与性能

针对微焊点服役过程中由大温度梯度导致的热迁移问题,设计了一种热迁移试验装置,研究了复合钎料/Cu钎焊接头热迁移过程中的组织演变与力学性能.研究结果表明:设计的试验装置可满足单一热迁移试验条件.与未热加载时相比,Ni-GNSs增强Sn2.5Ag0.7Cu0.1RE复合钎料/Cu钎焊接头热迁移200 h后,接头热端Cu6 Sn5界面金属间化合物(IMC)大幅减薄并在界面出现微孔洞;冷端界面粗大扇贝状IMC厚度明显增加,冷端Cu/Cu6 Sn5界面间生成平均厚度1μm的层状IMC Cu6 Sn5.热加载200 h后,钎焊接头剪切强度降低33％.复合钎料钎焊接头断裂位置由热端界面IMC/钎缝的过渡区向界面IMC方向迁移;随热加载时间增加其断裂机制由韧性断裂向先转变为以韧性断裂为主的韧-脆混合断裂,再转变为以脆性断裂为主的韧-脆混合断裂.Ni-GNSs增强相的添加可抑制复合钎料/Cu钎焊接头的热迁移.     

SnAg及SnAgCu无铅焊料接头中金属间化合物在时效中的演变

对SnAg共晶合金及SnAgCu共晶合金无铅焊料与Cu或Ni／Cu或Au／Ni／Cu衬底经钎焊方法焊接后,在焊接界面和焊料内部形成的金属间化合物(IMC)的类型、形貌和分布形式,以及焊接接头在随后时效过程中IMC的类型、成分和形貌的演变规律进行综述。分析结果表明,在钎焊过程中,IMC的类型与焊料成分有关,与衬底金属在焊料合金中的溶解度及扩散速度有关;IMC的形貌与加热温度、冷却速度及焊接界面的温度梯度有关;IMC的分布与焊料成分及接头中金属元素的扩散能力有关;焊料接头的断裂机理与接头合金成分、时效温度、时效时间、载荷方式有关;在时效过程中,焊料共晶组织粗化,焊料强度下降,断裂会在焊料内部发生;当IMC厚度增大到临界尺寸时,应力集中严重,多层IMC形成,空穴形成及长大,在IMC界面层断裂;若两者强度接近,则断裂部分发生在焊料,部分发生在界面IMC处。     

Sn2.5Ag0.7Cu0.1RE/Cu钎焊接头在热循环下的电迁移行为

自主设计了热循环下钎焊接头电迁移试验装置,探究了热循环下电流密度对Sn2.5Ag0.7Cu0.1RE/Cu无铅钎焊接头界面及组织性能的影响。研究结果表明:在电流密度达到7.0×10~3A/cm~2时,出现明显的电迁移现象。随电流密度增加,钎焊接头阳极区金属间化合物(IMC)厚度显著增加,增厚的化合物主要是Cu_6Sn_5;阴极区IMC厚度呈幂指数缓慢增加,主要表现为Cu_3Sn的生长,且在阴极区与钎缝过渡区域出现裂纹和孔洞。钎焊接头发生电迁移后剪切强度降低50%,断裂发生在阴极界面IMC上,剪切断口呈脆性断裂。     

回流次数对Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu焊点特性的影响

研究了回流次数对Sn3．5Ag0．5Cu焊点特性的影响，采用扫描电镜SEM和光学显微镜对多次回流后Sn3．5Ag0．5Cu焊点界面金属间化合物（IMC）层的形貌和拉伸断裂断口形貌进行了分析．结果表明：随着回流次数的增加，焊点的宽度和金属间化合物的厚度增加；焊料和凸点下金属化层（UBM）之间界面上的IMC组织从针状逐渐粗化；焊料的拉伸强度有轻微变化；断裂面第一次回流焊后出现在焊料中，而多次回流焊后断裂面部分出现在焊料中，部分出现在UBM和焊料的界面中．     

时效处理对Sn57Bi0.5Ag/Cu钎焊接头组织及性能的影响

研究了Sn57Bi0.5Ag/Cu钎焊接头在70℃、100℃时效过程中的显微组织和剪切强度的变化。结果表明:在钎料和Cu基体的界面间存在金属间化合物,随时效时间的延长,界面金属间化合物层的厚度增厚,接头区的组织出现了粗化;脆性的金属间化合物是钎焊接头的薄弱环节,接头剪切强度随时效时间的增加和界面化合物的增厚而下降;在时效时间达1000min以后,容易在金属间化合物层内观察到空洞。     

SnAgCu无铅钎料对接接头时效过程中IMC的生长

无铅钎料和铜基板间金属间化合物(Intermetallic Compounds,IMC)的生长对元器件的可靠性有重要影响.使用Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu无铅钎料焊接Cu对接接头,并对对接头进行了125、150和175℃时效试验,时效时间分别为0、24、72、144、256、400 h.采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱X射线(EDX)观察了Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu/Cu界面IMC的生长及形貌变化,并对Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu/Cu界面扩散常数和生长激活能进行了拟合.此外,研究了时效对钎焊接头抗拉强度的影响,发现在时效条件下接头的抗拉强度呈先上升后下降的变化,且时效会对断裂形式造成影响.     

Characterization of Cu3P phase in Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu0.5P/Cu solder joints

This article reports the effects of phosphorus addition on the melting behavior, microstructure, and mechanical properties of Sn3.0Ag0.SCu solder. The melting behavior of the solder alloys was determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The interracial micro- structure and phase composition of solder/Cu joints were studied by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry. Thermodynamics of Cu-P phase formation at the interface between Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu0.5P solder and the Cu substrate was characterized. The results indicate that P addition into Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu solder can change the microstructure and cause the appearance of rod-like CuaP phase which is distributed randomly in the solder bulk. The Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu0.5P joint shows a mixture of ductile and brittle fracture after shear test- ing. Meanwhile, the solidus temperature of Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu solder is slightly enhanced with P addition.     

Interfacial intermetallic compound growth and shear strength of low-silver SnAgCuBiNi/Cu lead-free solder joints

The growth rule of the interfacial intermetallic compound (IMC) and the degradation of shear strength of Sn-0.8Ag-0.5Cu-2.0Bi-0.05Ni (SACBN)/Cu solder joints were investigated in comparison with Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305)/Cu solder joints aging at 373, 403, and 438 K. The results show that (Cu_1?x,Ni_x)₆Sn₅ phase forms between the SACBN solder and Cu substrate during soldering. The interfacial IMC thickens constantly with the aging time increasing, and the higher the aging temperature, the faster the IMC layer grows. Compared with the SAC305/Cu couple, the SACBN/Cu couple exhibits a lower layer growth coefficient. The activation energies of IMC growth for SACBN/Cu and SAC305/Cu couples are 111.70 and 82.35 kJ/mol, respectively. In general, the shear strength of aged solder joints declines continuously. However, SACBN/Cu solder joints exhibit a better shear strength than SAC305/Cu solder joints.     

无钎焊料与Zr基块状非晶合金的润湿行为

通过座滴法研究了Sn-In、Sn-Bi和Sn-Ag-Cu三种焊料分别与块状非晶合金Zr44Cu40Al8Ag8的润湿行为.结果显示在三种焊料中,Sn-In对块状非晶合金Zr44Cu40Al8Ag8的润湿性最好,而Sn-Bi焊料对块状非晶合金Zr44Cu40Al8Ag8的润湿性最差.利用扫描电镜研究了Sn-In焊料与块状非晶合金Zr44Cu40Al8Ag8的界面特征,其界面处有化合物出现.     

Microstructural evolutions of Cu(Ni)/AuSn/Ni joints during reflow

Interfacial reactions of the Ni/AuSn/Ni and Cu/AuSn/Ni joints are experimentally studied at 330℃for various reflow times.The microstructures and mechanical properties of the as-solidified solder joints are examined.The as-solidified solder matrix of Ni/AuSn/Ni presents a typical eutecticξ-(Au,Ni)_5Sn+δ-(Au,Ni)Sn lamellar microstructure after reflow at 330℃for 30 s.After reflow for 60 s,a thin and flat(Ni,Au)_3Sn_2 intermetallic compound(IMC) layer is formed,and some needle-like(Ni,Au)_3Sn_2 phases grow f...     

Influence of Temperature on Creep Behavior of Ag Particle Enhancement SnCu Based Composite Solder

The creep properties of solder alloys are an important factor affecting the reliability of soldered joints in surface mount technologies. Particle-enhancement is one way to improve the properties of solder alloys. The temperature of the solder joint is one of the primary factors affecting the solder joint creep prop-erties. Single shear lap creep specimens with a 1 mm2 cross-sectional area were fabricated using Ag parti-cle enhancement 99.3Sn0.7Cu based composite solder and 99.3Sn0.7Cu eutectic solder to examine the in-fluence of temperature on the creep behavior of solder joints. The results show that the solder joint creep resistance of the composite solder joint was generally superior to that of the 99.3Sn0.7Cu solder joint. The creep rupture life of the composite solder joint was reduced by increasing temperatures at a faster rate than that of the 99.3Sn0.7Cu eutectic solder joint.     

Effect of indium addition on the microstructural formation and soldered interfaces of Sn-2.5Bi-1Zn-0.3Ag lead-free solder

The microstructural formation and properties of Sn-2.5Bi-xIn-1Zn-0.3Ag (in wt%) alloys and the evolution of soldered interfaces on a Cu substrate were investigated. Apart from the relatively low melting point (about 195℃), which is close to that of conventional eutectic Sn-Pb solder, the investigated solder presents superior wettability, solderability, and ductility. The refined equiaxial grains enhance the mechanical properties, and the embedded bulk intermetallic compounds (IMCs) (Cu₆Sn₅ and Cu₅Zn₈) and granular Bi particles improve the joint reliability. The addition of In reduces the solubility of Zn in the β-Sn matrix and strongly influences the separation and growth behaviors of the IMCs. The soldered interface of Sn-2.5Bi-xIn-1Zn-0.3Ag/Cu consists of Cu-Zn and Cu-Sn IMC layers.     

Sn-Bi系低温无Pb焊料的研究现状及发展趋势

低熔点Sn-Bi焊料是比较有发展潜力的低温无Pb焊料.根据Sn-Bi焊料的特性及其应用存在的问题,结合近几年国内外对Sn-Bi系低温无Pb焊料的最新研究成果,综述了Sn-Bi无Pb焊料的温度诱导熔体结构转变现象及其对Sn-Bi焊料凝固组织的影响,介绍了合金元素及稀土元素的添加对Sn-Bi焊料润湿性能的影响及其影响机制,并分类总结了不同元素对Sn-Bi焊料与Cu基体界面化合物生长的促进与抑制作用及其原理,最后综合评述Sn-Bi低温无Pb焊料存在的问题,对Sn-Bi焊料的发展趋势进行了展望.