2004年度中国高等学校十大科技进展揭晓（下）——新型树突状细胞亚群的发现及其免疫调节作用和机制的研究

机体的免疫系统是一个精密的反应体系，免疫应答的触发，进展和平息受到免疫系统的精确调控。免疫应答的调节机制研究（免疫调节）是免疫学研究的重要分支，而外周免疫器官是免疫应答最重要的场所，因此，免疫器官微环境对免疫应答的调节作用不容忽视。免疫应答的主体是免疫细胞，而树突状细胞（Dendritic cells,DC)作为专职性抗原提呈细胞是免疫应答的中心环节，因此研究免疫微环境对树突状细胞生物学功能的影响具有重要价值。     

丙型肝炎的预防与治疗

综述了HCV的流行病学现状、临床检测以及治疗问题。讨论了干扰素在急性、慢性HCV感染中的作用、效果。关于HCV的预防与控制 ,在目前尚难很快研制出HCV感染疫苗的现实下 ,发展新的增强免疫基因、产生强烈细胞反应的免疫佐剂 ,单独使用或与其他抗病毒药物合用 ,以增强慢性感染者的免疫应答、终止感染     

中药对免疫系统的作用与在运动免疫中的应用前景

中药对免疫系统有良好的影响,表现在对免疫系统有(1)双向调节作用。(2)调动免疫功能,激发免疫应答。(3)提高应激能力,减轻运动后免疫抑制。如何将中药应用于运动免疫是一个很好的研究方向。     

2004年度中国高等学校十大科技进展揭晓(下)

新型树突状细胞亚群的发现及其免疫调节作用和机制的研究机体的免疫系统是一个精密的反应体系,免疫应答的触发、进展和平息受到免疫系统的精确凋控。免疫应答的调节机制研究(免疫调节)是免疫学研究的重要分支,而外周免疫器官是免疫应答最重要的场所,因此,免疫器官微环境对免疫应答的调节作用不容忽视。免疫应答的主体是免疫细胞,而树突状细胞(Dendriticcells,DC)作为专职性抗原提呈细胞是免疫应答的中心环节,因此研究免疫微环境对树突状细胞生物学功能的影响具有重要价值。目前,尚没有研究者从"免疫微环境/树突状细胞相互作用"的角度来研究免疫调控。此外,对于成熟的树突状细胞完成抗原提呈功能以及激活     

核酸疫苗研究与发展前景

核酸疫苗是近几年新兴的一种疫苗,是将编码的保护性抗原基因构建真核表达质粒直接导入动物体细胞内,使外源基因通过机体内源性表达系统并提呈给免疫系统,诱发产生特异性的免疫应答,以达到预防和治疗疾病的目的。核酸疫苗又称为基因疫苗或DNA疫苗,这种免疫称为核酸免疫、基因免疫、DNA介导的免疫以及遗传免疫等。目前,核酸疫苗已在病毒性疾病、细菌性疾病、寄生虫免疫、抗肿瘤免疫、预防变态反应中发挥了巨大的作用,在畜禽传染病方面主要用于猪瘟、猪口蹄疫、禽流感、鸡新城疫、鸡马立克氏病、传染性支气管炎等。一、核酸疫苗的免疫机理核…     

“三重奏”阐明Th17细胞发育

对于非专业人士来说,免疫应答系统的详细工作过程都是很复杂的。在免疫系统中,根据功能可以将辅助性 T细胞分为两大类:Th1细胞分泌干扰素-γ,主要作用于宿主细胞内病原体(比如细菌和病毒)感染;而 Th2细胞分泌白细胞介素-4,参与细胞外免疫反应(如抵抗寄生虫)。此外还有一些不同于 Th1和 Th2的调节性 T 细胞群体,它们具有调节和控制免疫应答的作用。T 细胞的失衡     

免疫佐剂及其作用机制

免疫佐剂在疫苗免疫中起着巨大的作用，传统疫苗和新型疫苗在研究和实践中暴露的问题推动了免疫佐剂的研究，使生物科学家开始对佐剂的研究越来越关注，新型佐剂和新型疫苗正成为当今科技攻关的重点项目。本文总述了矿物质佐剂、油佐剂等传统佐剂和分子佐剂等新型佐剂的优缺点及其作用机制的研究进展，以期增加对免疫佐剂及其作用机制的认识．     

壳聚糖的理化性及其作为免疫佐剂的研究进展

免疫佐剂是一种免疫调节剂,可增强抗原的免疫原性、提高免疫效果。为增强疫苗的免疫原性在病毒性疫苗、DNA疫苗、多肽疫苗的研制中常加入免疫佐剂。目前批准可用于人体的免疫佐剂是铝佐剂,因只能引起体液免疫,不能有效诱导细胞免疫,因此寻找新的免疫佐剂已成为疫苗研制迫切需要解决的问题。研究表明,壳聚糖具有免疫佐剂效应,具有良好的组织相容性,可生物降解,安全无毒,因此壳聚糖将成为一种很有应用价值的免疫佐剂。本文就壳聚糖的理化性及其免疫佐剂研究做一综述。     

轮状病毒疫苗的研究现状

人类轮状病毒 (HRV)是婴幼儿腹泻的主要病原体 ,其致病机理与病毒的致病性和宿主免疫应答的综合效应有关。由于目前无特效抗病毒药物 ,国内外一直关注RV的免疫预防和治疗。目前正重点进行重配疫苗 ,基因工程疫苗 ,亚单位疫苗 ,DNA疫苗的研究 ,并且在RV的免疫佐剂、免疫途径方面的研究也取得了令人满意的进展。本文就RV疫苗的研究现状作一综述。     

抗体生产中佐剂的选择和应用

当某些物质与抗原一起注入机体内,能增强机体对抗原的特异性体液和细胞调节的免疫应答,这些物质称为免疫佐剂(Immuno adjuvant),简称佐剂。免疫佐剂能够非特异地提高机体对弱免疫原性的特异抗原的免疫应答或改变免疫反应类型。当佐剂与抗原物质混合注入机体后,可形成抗原储存库     

Innate immunity induced by composition-dependent RIG-I recognition of hepatitis C virus RNA

Innate immune defences are essential for the control of virus infection and are triggered through host recognition of viral macromolecular motifs known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an RNA virus that replicates in the liver, and infects 200 million people worldwide. Infection is regulated by hepatic immune defences triggered by the cellular RIG-I helicase. RIG-I binds PAMP RNA and signals interferon regulatory factor 3 activation to induce the expression of interferon-alpha/beta and antiviral/interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) that limit infection. Here we identify the polyuridine motif of the HCV genome 3' non-translated region and its replication intermediate as the PAMP substrate of RIG-I, and show that this and similar homopolyuridine or homopolyriboadenine motifs present in the genomes of RNA viruses are the chief feature of RIG-I recognition and immune triggering in human and murine cells. 5' terminal triphosphate on the PAMP RNA was necessary but not sufficient for RIG-I binding, which was primarily dependent on homopolymeric ribonucleotide composition, linear structure and length. The HCV PAMP RNA stimulated RIG-I-dependent signalling to induce a hepatic innate immune response in vivo, and triggered interferon and ISG expression to suppress HCV infection in vitro. These results provide a conceptual advance by defining specific homopolymeric RNA motifs within the genome of HCV and other RNA viruses as the PAMP substrate of RIG-I, and demonstrate immunogenic features of the PAMP-RIG-I interaction that could be used as an immune adjuvant for vaccine and immunotherapy approaches.     

纳米铝佐剂诱导鸡提前产生抗AIVH9体液免疫应答

接种灭活油佐剂疫苗是目前国内防控禽流感主要的措施,为有效防控禽流感的流行发挥了重要的作用,但灭活苗首次接种后需要较长时间抗体才能达到有效保护水平.纳米颗粒具有独特的生物学特性,作为疫苗佐剂能引起机体强烈的免疫应答.本研究用纳米铝颗粒作为AIV H9的佐剂,结果显示,小鸡产生有效免疫保护抗体时间较常规油佐剂疫苗提前4天且无副反应,但抗体峰值和持续时间均低于油佐剂疫苗.氢氧化铝纳米颗粒作为佐剂可能对禽流感等重大传染病的紧急预防接种具有潜在的应用价值.     

Crucial role for the Nalp3 inflammasome in the immunostimulatory properties of aluminium adjuvants

Aluminium adjuvants, typically referred to as 'alum', are the most commonly used adjuvants in human and animal vaccines worldwide, yet the mechanism underlying the stimulation of the immune system by alum remains unknown. Toll-like receptors are critical in sensing infections and are therefore common targets of various adjuvants used in immunological studies. Although alum is known to induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines in vitro, it has been repeatedly demonstrated that alum does not require intact Toll-like receptor signalling to activate the immune system. Here we show that aluminium adjuvants activate an intracellular innate immune response system called the Nalp3 (also known as cryopyrin, CIAS1 or NLRP3) inflammasome. Production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta and interleukin-18 by macrophages in response to alum in vitro required intact inflammasome signalling. Furthermore, in vivo, mice deficient in Nalp3, ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain) or caspase-1 failed to mount a significant antibody response to an antigen administered with aluminium adjuvants, whereas the response to complete Freund's adjuvant remained intact. We identify the Nalp3 inflammasome as a crucial element in the adjuvant effect of aluminium adjuvants; in addition, we show that the innate inflammasome pathway can direct a humoral adaptive immune response. This is likely to affect how we design effective, but safe, adjuvants in the future.     

新型细菌幽灵疫苗的研究进展

细菌幽灵是革兰氏阴性菌被噬菌体PhiX174的裂解基因E裂解后形成的完整细菌空壳,可以作为一种候选疫苗.细菌幽灵是一种新的研发疫苗的策略,其本身所具有的佐剂性质可以加强免疫反应,包括T细胞的活化和黏膜免疫.因为细菌幽灵本身的和外源的抗原可以在细菌裂解之前就表达于膜复合物的表面,所以不同来源的抗原可以同时通过细菌幽灵呈递给免疫系统.细菌幽灵具有多种优势,包括生产方便、安全和可作为多价联合疫苗.     

TANK-binding kinase-1 delineates innate and adaptive immune responses to DNA vaccines

Successful vaccines contain not only protective antigen(s) but also an adjuvant component that triggers innate immune activation and is necessary for their optimal immunogenicity. In the case of DNA vaccines, this consists of plasmid DNA; however, the adjuvant element(s) as well as its intra- and inter-cellular innate immune signalling pathway(s) leading to the encoded antigen-specific T- and B-cell responses remain unclear. Here we demonstrate in vivo that TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), a non-canonical IkappaB kinase, mediates the adjuvant effect of DNA vaccines and is essential for its immunogenicity in mice. Plasmid-DNA-activated, TBK1-dependent signalling and the resultant type-I interferon receptor-mediated signalling was required for induction of antigen-specific B and T cells, which occurred even in the absence of innate immune signalling through a well known CpG DNA sensor-Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) or Z-DNA binding protein 1 (ZBP1, also known as DAI, which was recently reported as a potential B-form DNA sensor). Moreover, bone-marrow-transfer experiments revealed that TBK1-mediated signalling in haematopoietic cells was critical for the induction of antigen-specific B and CD4(+) T cells, whereas in non-haematopoietic cells TBK1 was required for CD8(+) T-cell induction. These data suggest that TBK1 is a key signalling molecule for DNA-vaccine-induced immunogenicity, by differentially controlling DNA-activated innate immune signalling through haematopoietic and non-haematopoietic cells.     

HVEM signalling at mucosal barriers provides host defence against pathogenic bacteria

The herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM), a member of the tumour-necrosis factor receptor family, has diverse functions, augmenting or inhibiting the immune response. HVEM was recently reported as a colitis risk locus in patients, and in a mouse model of colitis we demonstrated an anti-inflammatory role for HVEM, but its mechanism of action in the mucosal immune system was unknown. Here we report an important role for epithelial HVEM in innate mucosal defence against pathogenic bacteria. HVEM enhances immune responses by NF-κB-inducing kinase-dependent Stat3 activation, which promotes the epithelial expression of genes important for immunity. During intestinal Citrobacter rodentium infection, a mouse model for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection, Hvem?/? mice showed decreased Stat3 activation, impaired responses in the colon, higher bacterial burdens and increased mortality. We identified the immunoglobulin superfamily molecule CD160 (refs 7 and 8), expressed predominantly by innate-like intraepithelial lymphocytes, as the ligand engaging epithelial HVEM for host protection. Likewise, in pulmonary Streptococcus pneumoniae infection, HVEM is also required for host defence. Our results pinpoint HVEM as an important orchestrator of mucosal immunity, integrating signals from innate lymphocytes to induce optimal epithelial Stat3 activation, which indicates that targeting HVEM with agonists could improve host defence.     

猪树突状细胞的体外扩增

树突状细胞(DC)是一类专职的抗原提呈细胞,在激发机体初始免疫反应和调节T细胞介导的免疫反应中都发挥十分重要的作用,但至今对猪DC的了解较少.本研究从猪外周血中分离获得单核细胞,分别加入150ng/mLpGM-CSF和100U/mL pIL-4,体外培养6 d后诱导出大量DC,通过显微镜观察可见其细胞表面具有典型的树突状突起,呈毛刺状.猪DC的体外获得将为进一步研究许多病毒性疾病的致病机理奠定坚实的基础.     

新型内含肽介导PHB系统表达纯化PoIFN-α的研究

为简化猪α干扰素蛋白（PoIFNα）的纯化步骤,以蛋白质自切割元件内含肽（Intein）替代蛋白酶,并以细菌自身产生的聚β-羟基丁酸酯（PHB）颗粒替代亲和配基,构建了新型内含肽介导PHB纯化PoIFNα的体系.结果显示,构建的基因工程大肠杆菌系统可成功实现PoIFNα的表达和纯化;φ（乳酸钠）=2.7%时,比较适宜工程菌的PHB累积;当诱导自切割反应温度为20℃,pH=6.5,反应时间为24~36 h时,可以实现内含肽C端高效自切割,纯化出的PoIFNα产量为20~30 mg/L.实验为重组猪α干扰素的工业化规模生产奠定了基础.     

Interferon amplifies complement activation by Burkitt's lymphoma cells

Interferon was originally described as an antiviral agent produced shortly after onset of infection with most viruses. However, in addition to inducing an antiviral state, interferon inhibits cell division, increases the expression of cell-surface antigens, boosts the cytotoxic activity of natural killer (NK) cells and modulates several immune functions of lymphocytes and macrophages. Moreover, a special class of interferon (immune interferon or IFN-gamma) is produced by T cells following stimulation with antigen or interaction with mitogens. The different methods by which interferon is induced and its multiple effects suggest that it may be part of a first-line defence system controlling the spread of virus infections and the proliferation of modified 'self' cells that have been affected by virus infection or neoplastic transformation. The ability of certain human lymphoma cells to activate the alternative pathway of complement is well established. Here we show that monoclonal antibody-purified interferon can amplify the ability of certain tumour cells to activate complement via the alternative pathway. This demonstration may reflect an additional, as yet unknown, role of interferon in inducing non-specific anti-tumour immunity.     

共表达KnobS蛋白与LTB蛋白的重组干酪乳杆菌构建

在干酪乳杆菌中表达减蛋综合征病毒纤维蛋白KnobS,并分析其抗原性。分别将编码减蛋综合征病毒主要免疫保护性抗原纤维蛋白KnobS与大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素B亚单位(LTB)基因插入干酪乳酸杆菌分泌表达载体pMG36e-UP/L中,成功构建重组表达载体pMG36e-UP/LTB-KnobS,获得表达融合蛋白KnobS-LTB的重组乳酸菌干酪乳杆菌表达系统;经SDS-PAGE和Western-blot检测表明,有大小约41kD的蛋白表达,具有与天然病毒蛋白一样的抗原特异性。在干酪乳杆菌中成功地表达了含减蛋综合征病毒抗原的融合蛋白KnobS-LTB,且具有较好的抗原性,为减蛋综合征病毒重组乳酸菌活菌口服疫苗的研制奠定重要的物质基础。