GH586合金的晶界碳化物高温强换

通过对GH586合金在不同固溶处理温度下的金相组织观察、晶界碳化物萃取复型的透射电镜观察、定量相分析及850℃拉伸性能的测试,研究了晶界碳化物对合金高温拉伸性能的影响.探讨了高温下合金晶界碳化物的强化作用,并结合理论分析提出了晶界碳化物高温强化关系式.结果表明,该合金中均匀分布的细小晶界碳化物在高温下提高了合金强度;晶界碳化物对850℃屈服强度的贡献,用理论模型分析的结果与实验结果符合良好.     

晶界碳化物对15Cr—25Ni不锈钢拉伸性能的影响

利用单相奥氏体及晶界碳化物＋奥氏体的两种 １５Ｃｒ－２５Ｎｉ不锈钢，研究了晶界碳化物对室温及８６０℃拉伸性能的影响。结果表明，室温下晶界碳化物对屈服强度几乎没有影响，但提高了抗拉强度约１４％，降低材料塑性（断面收缩率）约３８％，在８５０℃，晶界碳化物对抗拉强度没有影响，但提高了村料的塑性，其延伸率反断面收缩率分别提高约７０％和５８％，探讨了晶界碳化物影响拉伸性能的机制，室温下由于碳化物与基体界面结构与晶界结构不同导致与位错的不同交互作用，在高温下则是晶界碳化物阻碍晶界的滑移。     

铸态铝镁钪合金的热塑性

采用半连续铸锭冶金法制备一种成分为Al-6Mg-0.4(Sc+Zr)的合金,铸锭样品经均匀化退火后,测试其在250,300,350,400,450,475和500 ℃时的瞬时拉伸力学性能,借助扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)的观察和分析,研究该合金的高温变形及断裂行为.结果表明:合金抗拉强度和屈服强度随温度的升高而降低,而其伸长率随温度的升高而增大;合金在300 ℃以下拉伸,断口为穿晶断裂型;在300 ℃以上拉伸,断口由穿晶断裂逐步向沿晶断裂转变;在400 ℃以上拉伸,断口基本上是沿晶断裂.在400 ℃以上变形,晶界区域有大量的强滑移带;在400 ℃以上晶内强度高于晶界强度,拉伸时变形优先在晶界区域发生,变形不均匀的结果导致铸坯热加工过程中开裂.Al-6Mg-0.4(Sc+Zr)合金铸坯的最佳热加工温度范围为350～400 ℃,在此条件下,合金的变形抗力较低,热塑性较好,又不出现热裂纹.     

热处理对四代核电用镍基合金薄壁管组织与性能的影响

利用热力学计算软件JMatPro分析了钍基熔盐堆用Ni-Cr-Mo系高温合金GH3535相析出的热力学及动力学特征,研究了不同热处理制度对冷轧态GH3535合金无缝管的晶粒尺寸及其均匀性、碳化物析出特征、硬度、拉伸性能等的影响规律,观察了不同热处理制度下合金拉伸断口的微观形貌,分析了GH3535合金的拉伸断裂机制.结果表明:在900~1500℃之间,GH3535合金的平衡析出相为富Mo的M6 C型碳化物,M6 C相在固液两相区时便已经开始形成,M6 C相析出所对应的鼻尖温度为1200℃;固溶温度低于1200℃时,合金晶粒尺寸缓慢长大,当固溶温度提高到1230℃,晶粒出现快速长大,平均晶粒尺寸达到160μm;1180℃保温10 min,合金晶粒尺寸的均匀性较好.随着固溶温度升高,合金强度降低、延伸率增加,GH3535合金的拉伸断裂机制为微孔聚集型.     

GH220合金中晶界针状碳化物的成因

研究了镍基高温合金在1123K,392MPa下周期持久断裂过程中晶界针状碳化物的析出过程。分析了它的形成原因,实验采用二种热处理工艺,得到二种不同的晶界状态:直晶和弯晶。透射电镜分析结果表明,无论何种晶界状态,晶界碳化物都有一个由颗粒状碳化物向针状碳化物转化的过程。而弯晶处理的合金,首先发生由弯晶向平直晶界的转变,即尺寸较大且不规则状的晶界碳化物逐渐断裂成颗粒状排列的晶界碳化物,该过程所需时间较长,这就解释了弯晶合金比如直晶合金针状碳化物量少的原因。提出了一个由颗粒状碳化物向针状碳化物转化的模型。     

含微量Sc和Zr的Al-Cu-Mg-Fe-Ni合金时效行为和拉伸性能

配制了３种不同成分的ＡｌＣｕＭｇＦｅＮｉ系实验合金,研究了微量Ｓｃ和Ｚｒ对该系合金时效行为和拉伸性能的影响．用硬度法测量了合金在２００℃和３００℃下的时效硬化曲线,用透射电镜观察了合金在淬火及２００℃时效不同时间后的显微组织．在室温（２０℃）,２００,２５０,３００℃下测量了合金的拉伸力学性能,用扫描电镜观察了拉伸断口形貌．结果表明：加入微量Ｓｃ,Ｚｒ后生成的Ａｌ３（Ｓｃ,Ｚｒ）质点均匀弥散分布,有利于合金中另一强化相Ｓ′更均匀析出,从而提高了合金的时效硬化效果．由于Ａｌ３（Ｓｃ,Ｚｒ）相具有很好的热稳定性及沉淀强化效果,合金在室温及高温下的强度都有明显提高,而塑性基本保持不变．合金中Ｃｕ含量的减少不利于合金强度的提高     

CP 276铝锂合金的高温拉伸性能

研究了ＣＰ２７６合金薄板材料在１００～２５０℃时的高温拉伸性能和高温变形组织特征。实验结果表明：ＣＰ２７６合金在２００℃拉伸时的屈服强度可达室温屈服强度的７０％以上，显示良好的高温性能；高温变形时的强化与被切割的δ＇粒子重新恢复有序结构以及热激活形成的交滑移障碍有关；随着变形温度提高，时效前的预变形引起的强化作用减弱；高温变形时，由于位错交滑移和动态回复的结果，形成了以位错网络和胞状亚结构为特征的变形组织。     

M963合金的显微组织和性能

研究了Ｍ９６３合金的组织和力学性能。结果表明,Ｍ９６３合金的高温强度较高,但塑性较低;合金的组织主要由γ基本相、细小γ＇析出相、分布在枝晶间的大块γ＋γ＇共晶以及富Ｗ、Ｃｒ、Ｍｏ的Ｍ－６Ｃ和富Ｔｉ、Ｎｂ、Ｗ的ＭＣ碳化物组成：碳化物呈骨架状、针状分布在枝晶内和断续网状分布在晶界和枝晶间。裂纹在碳化物周围形核并沿碳化物与基体的界面扩展。碳化物的形态严重影响合金的性能,晶界和枝晶间的碳化物膜是造成该合金塑性低的根本原因。     

深冷处理对Inconel 617合金组织和力学性能的影响

深冷处理方法由于操作简单,价格低廉且对材料性能改善明显目前被广泛应用.采用深冷处理方法对Inconel 617合金进行了不同处理时间和次数条件下的试验.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)分析了Inconel 617合金的微观组织结构,采用万能拉力试验机进行了室温下的拉伸试验.结果表明:深冷处理后Inconel 617合金的晶粒尺寸得到了细化.单次深冷处理12、24 h后合金的小角度晶界分数增大,这有助于合金拉伸强度和塑性的提高.但是深冷处理后合金中析出了大量的碳化物,降低了其强度.     

时效时间对Cr35Ni45Nb离心铸造奥氏体钢

研究1200℃时效温度下不同时效时间对Cr35Ni45Nb乙烯裂解炉管材料的微观组织、室温和高温(900℃)力学性能的影响.结果表明:在1200℃下,材料力学性能出现先增后减的趋势.当时效135.2 h后,试样抗拉强度、屈服强度、延伸率和冲击韧性达到最大值.时效时间对合金显微组织具有显著的影响.析出并弥散分布的细小的二次碳化物对Cr35Ni45Nb钢综合性能具有强化作用.析出的针状碳化物、碳化物向晶界聚集并粗化、初始的连续网状碳化物结构转变成不连续的链状均导致Cr35Ni45Nb钢力学性能下降和围观组织劣化.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the