Joint observations of sporadic sodium and sporadic E layers at middle and low latitudes in China

Sporadic sodium layers （SSLs） were studied with sodium （Na） lidar at Beijing （40.5°N, 116.0°E） and Haikou （19.5°N, 109.1°E） in China. The altitude distribution, strength factors, and occurrence time of SSL and sporadic E （Es） layer events were statistically analyzed at both observing sites. SSL occurrence had a maximum near 22：00 local time, and Es layer occurrence had a maximum before midnight. The altitude distributions of SSL and Es layer events were better correlated at Haikou than at Beijing. All the average values of height and strength factor for SSL and Es layer events, as well as the average of the maximum frequency that can be reflected by the Es layer （fo Es）, at Beijing were higher than those at Haikou. A better correlation between SSL and Es layer events was also found at Haikou, and the formation of SSLs was considered to likely depend on the seasonal variability of chemical and dynamical processes.     

The path toward prognostication and prediction in stage Ⅱ colon cancer

Currently, there are several newer biomarkers that may be clinically useful in colon cancer. This paper focuses on a few of these biomarkers, namely microsatellite instability, loss of heterozygosity at chromosome 18q （LOH18q） and multi-gene assays, and discusses the clinical evidence behind their predictive or prognostic abilities. The results show that although there have been several newer prognostic factors identified, such as LOH18q and multi-gene assays, none of these factors can predict benefit from treatment. Therefore, ongoing prospective clinical trials are still needed to further assess the role and optimal use of these tests.     

The semileptonic decays of B/Bs meson in the perturbative QCD approach： a short review

In this short review, we present the current status about the theoretical and experimental studies for some important semileptonic decays of B/Bs mesons. We firstly gave a brief introduction for the experimental measurements for B/Bs → P（l＋l-, l-v-l, vv-） decays, the BaBar＇s R（D） and R（D＊） anomaly, the P′5 deviation for B0→ K＊0μ＋μ decay. We then made a careful discussion about the evaluations for the relevant form factors in the light-cone QCD sum rule, the heavy quark effective theory, and the perturbative QCD factorization approach. By using the form factors calculated in the perturbative （pQCD） approach, we then calculate and show the pQCD predictions for the decay rates of many semileptonic decays of B/Bs mesons. We also made careful phenomenological analysis for these pQCD predictions and found, in general, the following points： （a） For all the considered B/Bs semileptonic decays, the next-to-leading order pQCD predictions for their decay rates agree well with the data and those from other different theoretical methods; （b） For R（D） and R（D＊）, the pQCD predictions agree very well with the data, the B aBar＇s anomaly of R （D（＊）） are therefore explained successfully in the standard model by employing the pQCD approach; and （c） We defined several new ratios RD^l,τ and RDs^l,τ, they may be more sensitive to the QCD dynamics which controls the B/Bs→（D（＊）, Ds（＊）） transitions than the old ratios, we therefore strongly suggest LHCb and the forthcoming Super-B experiments to measure these new ratios.     

Key technologies of precision demolition blasting of ultra-long urban viaduct in complicated surroundings

The key technologies of precision blasting were put forward based on the characteristics of urban via- duct blasting demolition in complicated surroundings. Initial bending instability mechanics model of reinforcing steel bar frame of blasting fragmented pier and sequenced collapsed dynamic model were established for quanti- tative blasting design. Technologies of water pressure blasting were applied in multi-cell box girder fragmenta- tion. The detonating network of non-electric duplication crossover was adopted for the safety and reliability of ultra-long delay. The rationality of blasting scheme and parameters were validated by physical model test. Harm- ful effects were forecasted and controlled by integrated protective technologies. Specialization, cooperation, pre- cision, execution （SCPE） project management method was put forward for precision management. The key tech- nologies of precision demolition blasting can provide reference for similar proiects.     

Anomalous top-quark coupling effects in rare B and K decays

The Large Hadron Collider at CERN is performing direct searches for top-quark anomalous flavor-changing neutral current （FCNC） processes. However, these processes may be correlated closely with the low-energy rare B and K meson decays. In this paper, we review the anomalous top-quark coupling effects in these low-energy flavor transitions, summarize the flavor constraints and discuss their implications for direct detection of top-FCNC processes at the Large Hadron Collider.     

Effect of strain rate on the compressive deformation behaviors of lotus-type porous copper

Lotus-type porous copper was fabricated by unidirectional solidification, and compressive experiments were subsequently conducted in the strain rate range of 10-3–2400 s-1 with the compressive direction parallel to the pores. A GLEEBLE-1500 thermal-mechanical simulation system and a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) were used to investigate the effect of strain rate on the compressive deformation behaviors of lotus-type porous copper. The influence mechanism of strain rate was also analyzed by the strain-controlling method and by high-speed photography. The results indicated that the stress-strain curves of lotus-typed porous copper consist of a linear elastic stage, a plateau stage, and a densification stage at various strain rates. At low strain rate (< 1.0 s-1), the strain rate had little influence on the stress-strain curves; but when the strain rate exceeded 1.0 s-1, it was observed to strongly affect the plateau stage, showing obvious strain-rate-hardening characteristics. Strain rate also influenced the densification initial strain. The densification initial strain at high strain rate was less than that at low strain rate. No visible inhomogeneous deformation caused by shockwaves was observed in lotus-type porous copper during high-strain-rate deformation. However, at high strain rate, the bending deformation characteristics of the pore walls obviously differed from those at low strain rate, which was the main mechanism by which the plateau stress exhibited strain-rate sensitivity when the strain rate exceeded a certain value and exhibited less densification initial strain at high strain rate.     

Neutron diffraction studies on ‘‘simple’’ iron oxides under pressure： Fe3O4, a-Fe2O3, and FeO

Fe3O4（magnetite）, a-Fe2O3（hematite）, and Fe O（wu¨ stite） are the three major iron oxides and some of the most fundamental solids in nature. Interest in these systems is due to their abundance as minerals in the Earth and other telluric planets as well as their interesting electronic and magnetic properties which have been studied for decades. In this article, we review high-pressure studies on these three systems using neutron powder diffraction in the0–14 GPa range with a particular focus on the behavior of magnetism under pressure. Unpublished data on the pressure dependence of the Ne′el temperature in Fe O are presented. This review will give at the same time an introduction into technical aspects and illustrate the potential of high-pressure neutron scattering in the future.     

The influence of molar ratios of Ce/Zr on the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 over Fe2O3-WO3/CexZrl-xO2 （0 〈 x 〈 1） monolith catalyst

A series of CexZrl_xO2 （0 ≤ x ≤ 1） with dif- ferent molar ratios of Ce/Zr were syhthesized via coprecip- itation method, and Fe2O3-WO3/CexZrl-xO2 monolithic catalysts were prepared, for selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides by ammonia （NH3-SCR）. The structural properties and redox behavior of the catalysts were com- prehensively characterized by N2 physisorption, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, X-ray photoelectron spectra （XPS）, H2-temperature programmed reduction （H2-TPR） and activity measurement for NH3-SCR. The results showed that the NH3-SCR activities of the catalysts were gradually enhanced by increasing the molar ratios of Ce/Zr, especially the low- temperature catalytic activity and the reaction temperature window. Fe2O3-WO3/Ceo.68Zro.3202 monolithic catalyst presented the best NH3-SCR activity among the investigated catalysts, more than 90 % NOx could be removed in the temperature range of 247-454 ℃ on the catalyst under the gas hourly space velocities of 30,000 h- 1. And it always held more than 99 % N2 selectivity and less than 20 ppm （1 ppm =10-6 L/L ） N20 generation concentration between 200 and 500 ℃, the catalyst also displayed its strong resistance of H20 and SO2. Good textural and structural properties, more surface Fe, Ce and active oxygen were together contributed to the excellent NH3-SCR performance of Fe2O3-WO3/ Ce0.68Zr0.32O2 catalyst.     

4 K high frequency pulse tube cryocooler used for terahertz space application

Terahertz(THz) frequency region, defined from0.1 to 10 THz, is an important frequency band for radio astronomy and atmospheric science. As NbN Superconductor-Insulator-Superconductor(SIS) mixers used for terahertz detection, which are studied by the Purple Mountain Observatory(PMO), Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), work at 8–10 K, and require condition of micro vibrations, its astronomical observation in aerospace is limited by suitable refrigeration method. 4 K high frequency pulse tube cryocooler developed by Key Laboratory of Space Energy Conversion Technologies(SECT), Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry(TIPC), CAS, offers an opportunity for the application of SIS mixers. This article introduces the progress of the two-stage high frequency pulse tube cryocooler researched by TIPC. The cryocooler has reached a no load temperature of 4.5 K which is the lowest temperature for this kind of cryocooler reported so far. The successful coupling between the THz component and the high frequency pulse tube cryocooler lays a solid foundation for space detection in the terahertz band.     

An observational study of snow aging and the seasonal variation of snow albedo by using data from Col de Porte,France

An 18-year long （1993-2011） comprehensive dataset of snow and meteorological variables from Col de Porte, France is used to analyze the variation of shortwave broadband albedo with elapsed time after snowfalls （snow aging） during each snow season. The effects of air temperature, snow surface temperature and snow depth on snow albedo are investigated. An index based on the accumulation of air temperature over several consecutive days with daily mean higher than 2.5 ℃ is proposed to divide each snow-covered period into a dry and the following wet snow season when this index reaches 18 ℃. The results indicate that snow surface albedo decreases exponentially with time in both dry and wet snow seasons. Snow albedo reduction with snow aging is small at low surface temperature and the reduction rate increases with the rise of surface temperature. However, the reduction rate is widely scattered within the observed range of temperature, implying a loose relationship between snow albedo and snow surface temperature. Snow albedo in wet snow season is generally smaller and decreases faster than in dry snow season. For Col de Porte site, snow depths to effectively mask the underlying surface are 21 and 33 cm in dry and wet snow season respectively.     

Research and design of the main equipments and structure of Xiangjiaba shiplift

The type of pinion and rack vertical shiplifts has been developed in recent a couple of years in the construction of dams. But the design methods and methodologies have rarely been discussed in literature. The Xiangjiaba shiplift is the second shiplift of this type following the Three Gorges shiplift. Being aimed at the technological rationality of the design in synthetically considering security, economy and applicability, this paper presents the research results of some vital issues relating the design of the Xiangjiaba shiplift, including the determination of design water depth of ship chamber based on fluid numeral computation and physical model test, the optimum design of general layout of main equipments and the civil structure of the Xiangjiaba shiplift, the finite element method （FEM） analysis of stress, vibration modes and the buckling of ship chamber, antiseismic research and the design of structures and mechanisms of the shiplift and the optimum design of driving mechanisms. This research provides the theoretical basis for the design of the Xiangjiaba shiplift. The design principles and research methods are valuable for the design of the same type of shiplifts.     

On the Functions of Euphemism in Social Communication

In the process of social linguistic communication, due to the different circumstances and conditions, people can not express certain things clearly in a direct way when they come across something painful, unpleasant, disgusted and even embarrassing. Instead, they have to use some vague, implicit, mild and euphemistic expressions, so as to achieve the purpose of expressing feelings and exchanging ideas and thoughts in an appropriate and light atmosphere. This paper tries to deal with the application of euphemisms in various fields, thereby reveal some main functions of euphemism, i.e. avoidance function, politeness function, gloss-over function and disguise function.     

The poisoning and regeneration effect of alkali metals deposed over commercial V2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalysts on SCR of NO by NH3

In this study, commercial V2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalysts were deactivated by loading with alkali metals （K and Na）. These catalysts were then regenerated by washing with either deionized water or 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 （through the ultrasonic-assisted method）. The samples used in this research were characterized by NH3-temperature programmed desorption （TPD）, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）. Results showed that Na2O and KaO doping can poison the V2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalyst and that the poisoning effect of Na2O was stronger than that of KaO. However, the Na2O-loaded sample was easier to regenerate than the KaO-loaded sample. The surfaces of catalysts can be sulfated by washing with dilute sulfuric acid because strong acid sites adhere to the catalyst surface. SO42- could also promote catalyst activity. As indicated by the NH3-TPD findings, the deposition of Na2Oand K2O could also reduce the amount of desorbed ammonia and destabilize the acid sites, especially strong chemisorption sites. XPS results revealed that catalysts were deactivated by the decrease in the concentration of chemisorbed oxy- gen [the Oα（Oα ＋ Oβ） ratio]. In the Na2O-doped catalyst, much chemisorbed oxygen was lost （from 28.8 % to 10.6 %）. However, the decrease in the Oα（Oα ＋ Oβ） ratio was less significant in the K20-doped catalyst （from 28.8 % to 23.5 %）. Nonetheless, the binding energies of Ols broadened with respect to both high and low energy. Inparticular, the binding energy of chemisorbed oxygen increased from 531.5 to 531.8 eV.     

Adaptive Neural Control for a Class of Low-triangular-structured Nonlinear Systems with H-∞ Performance Analysis

In this paper, a neural-network-based variable structure control scheme is presented for a class of nonlinear systems with a general low triangular structure. The proposed variable structure controller is proved to be Cl, thus can be applied for backstepping design, which has extended the scope of previous nonlinear systems in the form of strict-feedback and pure-feedback. With the help of neural network approximator, H-∞ performance analysis of stability is given. The effectiveness of proposed control law is verified via simulation.     

Evaluation on Gambiered Guangdong Silk＇s Ecological Properties

To evaluate gambiered Guangdong silk＇s ecology properties, the raw materials ecology, production ecology and use ecology are analyzed; and the safety to human is tested according to GB/T18885 - 2002. Gambiered Guangdong silk is a kind of natural product. All its raw materials are reproducible and degradable natural resources, and it can decompose completely when being discarded. R is comfortable to wear, and easy to clean and dry. It is mainly manufactured by dip-dyeing in dye yam solution, and insolating under the burning sun. The production energy is solar, a kind of clean and reproducible energy. The production process is clean and environmental friendly. There is neither the utilization of synthetic dyestuff and chemical auxiliary, nor the discharge of environment pollutant, and even the dreg of dye yam is used as fuel. The safety test results show that pH value of water extract, heavy metal content （except for Pb content）, color fastness and odor meet the requirements of GB/T18885 - 2002 and Okeo-tex standard 100.     

Distribution and origin of high magnetic anomalies at Luobusa Ophiolite in Southern Tibet

The Luobusa Ophiolite,Southern Tibet,lies in the eastern portion of Indus–Yarlung Zangbo suture zone that separates Eurasia from the Indian continent.An aeromagnetic reconnaissance survey has revealed an EWtrending Yarlung Zangbo River aeromagnetic anomaly zone,and it is considered to be caused mainly by the Indus–Yarlung Zangbo Ophiolite.The Luobusa Ophiolite reflects the eastern portion of the Yarlung Zangbo River aeromagnetic anomaly zone.Conventionally,the ultramafic rock in the Luobusa Ophiolite is considered as the origin of the high magnetic anomalies.However,results from the surface magnetic survey and the magnetic susceptibility measurements from drill cores indicate that the high magnetic anomalies are distributed inhomogeneously in the Luobusa Ophiolite.In some cases,the susceptibility exhibits more than 30 times difference between two sides of the same sample.A fact emerged that the susceptibility of dunite with serpentinization is higher than that of fresh dunite,harzburgite and chromite when we analyzed the measurement results.In order to understand the origin of the high magnetic anomalies,we measured the density and susceptibility of 17 samples,microscopic and electron probe analyses have been performed as well.The result indicates the presence of dunite with serpentinization containing an abundant of micro-fissures filled with magnetite.Olivine has a susceptibility of about 2.7–351(910-5SI),pyroxene about 16–320,and chromite about200–800.All these units feature relatively low susceptibility in ultramafic rock,and only the magnetite is characterized by a high susceptibility of about 200,000(910-5SI).Based on these observations,we conclude that the precipitation of magnetite in the process of serpentinization of the olivine caused by the geological process in the Luobusa Ophiolite is the origin of high magnetic anomalies.     

Influence of the Indonesian Throughflow on the upwelling off the east coast of South Java

A wave-tide-circulation coupled model is used to simulate upwelling off the south coast of Java, Indone- sia. The results show that the vertical velocity off East Java is stronger than other parts in this area. The strongest vertical velocity is located approximately at 80 m depth. The annual averaged values of upwelling are 2.3 × 10-6 and 1.06 × 10-5 m/s for south of West Java and south of East Java, respectively. The vertical velocity from the model shows that upwelling off West Java has seasonal variability, while it is quite steady and strong off East Java. Additional numerical experiments show that the wind is not the dominant factor for the steady upwelling off the southern part of East Java. It is then hypothesized that the Indonesian Throughflow （ITF） may be responsible for the upwelling. To test this hypothesis, two scenarios are implemented, both of which block the outflow of the ITF. Sensitive study shows that the ITF plays a key role in the formation of East Java upwelling. The effect of the ITF can account for about 55 %-65 % of the upwelling.     

Preparation and Structural Analysis of Lanthanide Complexes with α-Hydroxyl-phenyl-acetic Acid and 1, 10-Phenanthroline as Ligands

A series of ternary lanthanide complexes Ln （C6H5CHOHCOO）3（phen） （H2O） （Ln= La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu） were synthesized with α-hydroxyl-phenyl-acetic acid and 1, 10-phenanthroline （phen） as ligands. The sturcture and property of complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1^H-NMR, UV and TGA, and the coordinate mede of both ligands was discussed. It was shown that the co-ordinate mode of 1, 10-phenanthroline was chelated, while α-hydraxyl-phenyl-acetate ion was monedentate or bridging. The mechanism of thermal determinde by thermogravimetry was indicated that the degree of co-ordinate ability of ligand was： α-hydroxyl-phenyl-acetate ion 〉 1, 10- phenanthroline（phen）.     

Impact of gamma radiation and salinity on growth and K^＋/Na^＋ balance in two populations of Medicago sativa （L.） cultivar Gabbs

The perennial Medicago sativa cv. Gabes is widely grown on saline soils in Tunisian oases. Morphological and physiological analyses of two populations （Mareth and Gannouch） were conducted in order to study the effect of salinity and gamma radiation （350 Gy） interaction on two populations of this species. It has been shown that the two irradiated populations of Medicago sativa are fairly tolerant to salt at growth phase compared to the non-irradiated. Exposure to gamma irradiation （350 Gy）, alone or in combination with salt stress, increased significantly （p 〈 0.001） shoot number, stem height and chlorophyll b pigment especially for the Gannouch population, while no change occurred for the Mareth population. The presence of salt to 9 g/1 affected significantly the root biomass and induced a reduction of shoot development of both control and irradiated alfalfa populations. For all treatments, plants of two populations remained able to produce and to allocate dry matter to the different organs. The survey of Na^＋/K^＋ ratio showed that the growth of the aerial organs of two non-irradiated populations was at least determined by a selectivity in favour of the K^＋ ions （r^2 = 0.97 and r^2 = 0.59 for Mareth and Gannouch non-irradiated populations, respectively）. However, the rather weak correlation detected for the irradiated populations, particularly for the irradiated Gannouch, seems to be the consequence of the effect of irradiation that improved potassium availability, essential element for growth and development. Results also showed that the two irradiated populations, especially the Mareth, accumulated Na^＋ ions in its photosynthetic organs. This accumulation was associated with an improvement of foliar water content at a level of salinity around 5 g/1. Such a mechanism reflects probably an inclusive behaviour of the plants and a good aptitude to use the dominant ions （Na^＋） for the osmotic adjustment. However, the non-irradiated populations are unable to adjust their internal os