致密油藏直井体积压裂储层改造体积的影响因素

基于三叠系长7致密储层地质特征建立直井典型缝网模型,利用数值模拟方法对体积压裂与常规压裂的开发效果进行对比,模拟不同缝网形态、裂缝间距及导流能力对体积压裂储层改造体积(VSR)的影响。结果表明:体积压裂改造方式能够改善油藏的渗流环境,增加储层动用程度,大幅度提高单井产能;储层改造体积越大,压后产量越高;相同改造体积下,开发效果与井筒连通的有效裂缝体积密切相关;裂缝间距及主、次裂缝导流能力对储层改造体积的影响较大。     

体积压裂缝网渗流特征与注水开发适配性研究

鄂尔多斯盆地致密油储层体积压裂改造后,单井产能较常规压裂有了大幅度的提高,但由于地层压力系数小, 仅靠天然能量开发效果并不理想,因此,探索体积压裂井的注水补充能量方式有重要意义。基于体积压裂复杂缝网形 态的特点,建立了缝网数值模拟模型,对直井体积压裂缝网渗流特征进行了分析;以体积压裂矩形井网为例,研究了注 采形式下体积压裂井的增产机理,并结合井网对缝网适配性进行了探索。研究结果表明,缝网系统增加了储层垂向动 用程度,提高了主裂缝壁面方向的水驱波及体积,改善了注采井间的水驱动用效果。由于缝网系统存在“最短渗流距 离”,体积压裂井见水后含水上升较快。通过长庆某典型致密油储层直井体积压裂实例分析,对后期可行的井网形式 进行了优化设计和论证。     

盒8致密气储层水平井体积压裂增产影响因素

 体积压裂技术形成以主裂缝为主干的纵横“网状缝”,适合低孔、低渗油气藏的储层改造。基于盒8致密气储层特征,建立应力敏感和井筒摩阻条件下的水平井体积压裂模型,数值模拟不同储层特点,分析地质条件及缝网特征对体积压裂改造效果影响。结果表明,体积压裂水平井可明显改善致密气藏渗流环境,提高单井产能;压力系数、储层渗透率主要影响体积压裂改造效果;储层有效改造体积越大,压后增产越明显;缝网宽长、裂缝导流、裂缝排布等对体积压裂改造增产效果影响依次增大。研究结果为致密气藏体积压裂优化设计和效果评价提供一定的理论依据。     

页岩气体积压裂支撑裂缝长期导流能力研究现状与展望

水平井分段压裂形成复杂体积缝网是页岩气有效开采的关键技术之一,复杂体积缝网依靠支撑剂支撑并成为页岩气渗流的重要通道。支撑裂缝长期导流能力是影响页岩气压后产能的重要因素,而关于页岩气体积压裂支撑裂缝长期导流能力的研究尚未形成统一认识。通过分析国内外最新研究动态,阐述了支撑剂支撑裂缝长期导流能力研究的重要性;分析了目前国内外关于支撑剂长期导流能力的实验测试与理论预测方面的研究成果;剖析了非达西渗流效应、多相渗流效应、地层水性质等特殊因素对长期导流能力的影响程度;提出了页岩气体积压裂支撑裂缝长期导流能力研究方向的着重点。     

考虑应力敏感和水力裂缝方位角的页岩产能模型

产能预测对页岩气的高效合理开发有着重要的作用，而目前国内外对于页岩气分段压裂水平井产能的研究没有同时考虑到天然裂缝应力敏感和水力裂缝形态及渗流特征对产能的影响。为此，根据双重介质渗流理论，综合考虑了页岩储层的吸附解吸、扩散运移、天然裂缝的应力敏感效应，建立了页岩储层渗流模型；同时考虑水力裂缝的有限导流能力、裂缝方位角等因素，利用点源函数方法将裂缝离散，之后叠加建立水力裂缝模型，最后将两种模型耦合得到页岩气藏压力水平井不稳定渗流模型和产能模型。根据已建立的页岩气压裂水平井产能模型，编程计算出产能特征曲线；通过对比模拟结果分析出，与实例类似的页岩气压裂水平井的最优水力裂缝导流能为15~18 D·cm，最优缝长分布方式为外高内低的U型，最优水力裂缝间距分布为等间距分布；模拟结果与页岩气井的现场数据的对比，也验证了该模型的准确性。该研究对页岩气开发有着重要的指导意义。     

基于离散裂缝模型的页岩气动态特征分析

页岩储层孔隙结构复杂,基质渗透率低,天然裂缝发育,水平井体积压裂为其主要生产手段,表现出以裂缝系统裂缝渗流为主,基质系统扩散流、滑脱流以及吸附-解吸附现象共同作用的多尺度流动特点。基于离散裂缝建立页岩气渗流数学模型,利用有限元分析方法进行数值求解,通过实例研究分析页岩气生产动态特征,以及开发过程中压裂级数和裂缝半长对储层压力分布和页岩气井生产动态特征的影响。结果表明:页岩气井初期产量高,但递减快,生产周期长;开发初期以裂缝渗流为主,压裂级数起主导作用,级数越多,压力波传播越快,储层压力下降明显,产能主要集中在生产初期;开发后期以基质渗流为主,裂缝半长作用增强,产量递减率下降,生产井附近压力接近废弃压力,生产能力下降。     

缝网页岩储层非线性耦合渗流模型研究

页岩气藏裂缝发育,流体渗流机理复杂,认识流体在缝网页岩储层中的流动规律是准确评价气藏产能的关键科学问题.本文建立多重连续/离散裂缝模型描述水力压裂后的页岩储渗空间,建立了综合考虑吸附气非线性非平衡解吸附、表面扩散,自由气黏性流和Knudsen扩散机理的非线性耦合渗流数学模型.模型认为吸附气在有机质表面发生表面扩散,并与无机质基质孔之间发生非平衡解吸附,无机质基质孔内存在黏性流和努森扩散,而天然裂缝和压裂形成的水力裂缝内只有黏性流.通过压裂水平井的数值模拟结果,揭示了缝网页岩储层中吸附气净解吸附速率的时空演变规律,发现了最大净解吸附速率由缝网逐渐向基质扩散的现象.通过多重压力系统分析,发现了裂缝中自由气、基质无机质孔隙中自由气、有机质中吸附气依次滞后的浓度扩散现象;通过对天然裂缝渗流场的分析,发现离散缝网区域包络线外的流动形式随时间依次出现:椭圆径向流、线性流和缝间干扰产生的非线性流.本文研究揭示了缝网页岩储层的渗流机理,为页岩气藏的开发提供了科学基础.     

页岩气藏缝网形成影响机理研究

页岩气开发对我国能源保障具有重要的现实意义,页岩气开发的关键在于通过体积压裂形成复杂裂缝网络,从而提高页岩气的流通能力。国内对缝网形成机理研究较少,在文献调研基础上,系统分析了缝网形成影响机理:建立了岩石脆性判断准则,得出脆性指数大于40,储层适合体积压裂;分析了天然裂缝、地应力和诱导应力对缝网的影响,得出诱导应力有利于缝网形成,确定了天然裂缝张开后的走向及力学条件;建立了转向半径计算模型,得出泊松比和水平主应力差大于临界值时,难于形成缝网。研究结果为页岩储层体积压裂、判断缝网形成提供了参考和借鉴作用。     

页岩气储层压裂水平井三线性渗流模型研究

具有天然裂缝发育及纳米级孔隙的页岩气储层渗流具有多种模式,压裂水平井开发模式已成为页岩气藏主要 开发模式,渗流数学模型的建立与求解具有很强的理论意义和现实价值。借鉴已有的三线性渗流模型思路,重新设计 了模型的构成,并建立了包括解吸吸附的渗流数学模型,借助无因次化及拉普拉斯变换推导出单井压裂水平井页岩气 藏的产能公式和井底压力公式,最后,应用得到的结果进行了单井生产过程中影响因素的分析。通过研究与应用表 明,由该简化模型得到的公式能方便而且准确地计算并预测页岩气的产量变化,而且对于压裂设计也可提供设计参数 的优化分析方法。     

体积压裂缝网系统模拟及缝网形态优化研究

为了有效地表征压裂后形成的复杂裂缝网络系统,依据三维改造区域的渗流规律,提出了缝网双重介质数值模型。利用该模型对不同缝网形态进行模拟,分析了不同缝网形态对产能的影响规律,并获得衰竭式开发下的最佳形态。研究结果表明:纺锤型与哑铃型缝网形态较其他缝网形态更具优势;影响体积压裂水平井产能的因素主要有端部裂缝的产能、缝网内部裂缝缝间干扰的程度、缝网形态中部主裂缝对泄流面积的控制程度。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.