高熵合金的摩擦学性能研究进展

摩擦学是研究摩擦、磨损和润滑的学科,对结构材料的服役性能有很大影响。正因如此,学者除了不断探索具有优异力学性能的结构材料外,也不断寻求具备高耐磨性能的金属材料。在摩擦学领域,传统的金属材料已经发展成熟,新型耐磨材料亟待开发。近年来,新兴的高熵合金表现出优异的硬度、抗氧化性、抗软化能力,在很大程度上丰富了现有的耐磨合金体系,在未来的新型耐磨材料领域有很大的应用前景。为了系统地剖析高熵合金的摩擦学行为,本文首先介绍了单相、双相和多相高熵合金以及与高熵合金有关的复合材料在室温下的摩擦学特性,进而总结了改善高熵合金耐磨性能的方法。此外,本文还讨论了高熵合金在高温下的耐磨性能,并对其作为耐磨合金的应用与发展作了展望。     

MoCrFeMnNi高熵合金退火后的组织和性能

高熵合金因具有高强度、耐腐蚀、耐高温氧化等优异的性能而备受关注.采用铝热反应法制备MoCrFeMnNi高熵合金,用XRD、SEM、EDS、显微硬度和压缩实验研究了铸态及700 ℃/12 h、800 ℃/6 h、1 000 ℃/3 h退火后合金的组织和性能变化.结果表明:铝热法制备的MoCrFeMnNi高熵合金为典型的枝晶形貌,晶体结构主要由BCC相、FCC相以及少量的σ相构成,其中枝晶区域为BCC结构,富含Mo和Cr元素;枝晶间区域为FCC结构,富含Ni元素.随着退火温度的上升,枝晶间逐渐析出纳米级σ相,使得合金硬度上升,在800 ℃/6 h退火处理后达到667 HV,抗压强度达到1 050 MPa;1 000 ℃/3 h退火后,σ相团聚成球状和针状并在高温下部分溶解,σ相的减少使得合金硬度下降,抗压强度与铸态时相当,塑性显著提升.     

纳米SiC对C/C复合材料石墨化与抗氧化性能的影响规律

本文制备纳米SiC基体改性的SiC-C/C复合材料,利用X射线衍射技术、高分辨率透射电镜等研究SiC对碳材料的石墨化度的影响.纳米SiC能够显著促进碳基体材料的石墨化度,同时通过高分辨率透射电镜在纳米SiC颗粒周围观测到明显的石墨化结构,并且距离SiC越近,碳基体的石墨化程度越高.通过静态氧化实验研究SiC-C/C复合材料的抗氧化性能.结果表明,随着SiC加入量的增加复合材料的抗氧化性显著提高,纳米SiC在高温下生成较为均匀的SiO2保护层,覆盖在碳材料的表面,阻碍氧气与碳材料的接触,并且SiC含量越高,形成的保护层越厚,抗氧化能力越强.     

Creep-strengthening of steel at high temperatures using nano-sized carbonitride dispersions

Creep is a time-dependent mechanism of plastic deformation, which takes place in a range of materials under low stress-that is, under stresses lower than the yield stress. Metals and alloys can be designed to withstand creep at high temperatures, usually by a process called dispersion strengthening, in which fine particles are evenly distributed throughout the matrix. For example, high-temperature creep-resistant ferritic steels achieve optimal creep strength (at 923 K) through the dispersion of yttrium oxide nanoparticles. However, the oxide particles are introduced by complicated mechanical alloying techniques and, as a result, the production of large-scale industrial components is economically unfeasible. Here we report the production of a 9 per cent Cr martensitic steel dispersed with nanometre-scale carbonitride particles using conventional processing techniques. At 923 K, our dispersion-strengthened material exhibits a time-to-rupture that is increased by two orders of magnitude relative to the current strongest creep-resistant steels. This improvement in creep resistance is attributed to a mechanism of boundary pinning by the thermally stable carbonitride precipitates. The material also demonstrates enough fracture toughness. Our results should lead to improved grades of creep-resistant steels and to the economical manufacture of large-scale steel components for high-temperature applications.     

Cyclic oxidation behavior of b-NiAlDy alloys containing varying aluminum content at 1200 1C

b-NiAlDy cast alloys containing varying aluminum content were prepared by arcmelting. The microstructures and cyclic oxidation behavior of the alloys at 1200 1C were investigated. Grain refinement was achieved by increasing aluminum content in the alloy, which is beneficial to selective oxidation. The Ni–55Al–0.1Dy alloy showed excellent cyclic oxidation resistance due to the formation of a continuous, dense and slow-growing oxide scale. In contrast to this, severe internal oxidation as well as large void formation at the scale/alloy interface occurred in the Ni–45Al–0.1Dy alloy. The aluminum content dependence of the reactive element effects in b- NiAlDy was established that Dy doping strengthened the scale/alloy interface by pegging mechanism in high-aluminum alloys but accelerated internal oxidation in low-aluminum alloys during high-temperature exposure.     

Surface modification of Ti-45Al-8.5 Nb alloys by microarc oxidation to improve high-temperature oxidation resistance

Microarc oxidation(MAO)electrolysis plasma deposition was used to prepare Al_2O_3coatings on Ti-45Al-8.5 Nb alloys to improve high temperature oxidation resistance.The surface and cross-section morphologies before and after high-temperature oxidation,the chemical composition,and the phase identification of the coatings were investigated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),electron probe microanalyses(EPMA),and X-ray diffraction(XRD).The results show that Al_2O_3coatings with a thickness of approximately 8μm can be obtained on the Ti-45Al-8.5 Nb alloys by MAO for 600 s.The samples with the Al_2O_3coatings exhibited better high-temperature oxidation resistance.A minimal weight gain of only 0.396 g/m~2after 100 h oxidation at 900°C was observed for the coatings formed with a deposition voltage of 400 V and using a duty cycle of 3%.The deposition mechanism of the Al_2O_3coatings and the effect of the MAO parameters are also described.     

X80管线钢的高温氧化行为

利用热重法对X80管线钢高温氧化行为进行系统研究,分析不同温度下氧化增重和氧化铁皮形貌演变规律及合金元素在氧化层与钢基体界面处的分布规律.实验结果表明:700~1200℃范围内,X80钢氧化增重曲线呈现抛物线规律.此外,氧化铁皮厚度随温度升高而增加,特别是当温度高于800℃时,由于金属基体存在相变,氧化铁皮厚度急剧增加.高温条件下X80钢氧化铁皮为典型三层结构,外层为极薄的Fe₂O₃,中间层为Fe₃O₄,内层为粗大柱状晶FeO,并在靠近钢基体处形成一层晶粒细小的内氧化层,内氧化层阻碍了铁氧离子的相互扩散,提高了X80管线钢的高温耐蚀性.     

轻质油油藏注空气实验研究

轻质油油藏注空气提高采收率技术在国外已进行了许多实验室研究 ,某些现场试验取得了一定的成果 .国内这方面的研究刚刚开始 .以吐哈鄯善油田的稀油为实验样本 ,通过两种实验装置研究了该轻质原油在不同温度下的氧化速度 ,发生高温氧化的温度 ,保证高温氧化的最低供气量及注空气驱油的采收率     

6005A与6082铝合金热变形流变行为

利用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机对6005A和6082铝合金进行高温等温压缩试验,研究了在变形温度为450-550℃和应变速率为0．005-10s^-1条件下两种铝合金的热变形流变行为．6005A铝合金在低应变速率条件下,不同变形温度时的流变曲线均呈现波浪形特征,随着应变速率的增加,硬化和软化接近平衡,表现为稳态流变特征;在高应变速率条件下,硬化过程占据主导地位,回复和硬化过程的竞争使流变曲线呈现波浪形上升的趋势．6082铝合金在低应变速率情况下,不同变形温度时的流变曲线未出现周期性波动;在中等应变速率条件下也表现为稳态流变特征;在高应变速率条件下出现波浪形特征．两种铝合金均为正应变速率敏感材料,其热变形是受热激活控制．最后给出了铝合金热变形条件下流变应力、应变速率和变形温度三者之间的关系式．     

Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of Nb-Si-Cr ternary alloys with a tri-phase Nb/Nb5Si3/Cr2Nb microstructure fabricated by spark plasma sintering

In this work, pure Nb, Nb₅Si₃ and Laves Cr₂Nb compound powders were used as raw materials to prepare Nb-Si-Cr ternary alloys by spark plasma sintering (SPS). A comprehensive estimation of the microstructure and properties, including room temperature fracture toughness, high temperature strength and oxidation resistance, of the Nb-Si-Cr ternary alloys as a function of the Nb/Nb₅Si₃/Cr₂Nb phase volume fraction combinations was conducted. The results showed that Nb-Si-Cr ternary samples with the relative density larger than 98.42% were obtained by SPS processing, and the samples all consisted of Nb, Nb₅Si₃ and Cr₂Nb phases that were distributed homogeneously. The fracture toughness K_Q of the Nb/Nb₅Si₃/Cr₂Nb microstructure, which was dominated by the Nb phase, naturally increased with the Nb fraction. As expected, the room-temperature Vickers hardness and the high-temperature strength of the bulk alloys increased monotonically with the increasing of the stiffening Nb₅Si₃ fraction. Interestingly, the binary Cr₂Nb phase played a positive role in the high temperature strength and oxidation resistance. Finally, the fracture modes of the typical Nb/Nb₅Si₃/Cr₂Nb microstructures under bending and compression conditions at room and high temperatures as well as the oxidation mechanism are described and discussed.     

多组元AlxTiVCrMnFeCoNiCu高熵合金的室温力学性能

依据多组元高混合熵合金的合金设计理念,设计了一族九组元AlxTiVCrMnFeCoNiCu高熵合金,并研究了该合金系室温力学性能.结果表明:(1)合金系具有超过1.3GPa的断裂强度,其中AlTiVCrMnFeCoNiCu合金达2.4GPa,同时AlTiVCrMnFeCoNiCu和Al2TiVCrMnFeCoNiCu两种合金还具有一定的压缩塑性;(2)合金系枝晶和枝晶间隙区均具有很高的显微硬度,且随Al含量的提高而近线性提高;(3)固溶强化机制、纳米相弥散强化机制和面心立方/体心立方相转变使得合金系具有很高的断裂强度和显微硬度.     

Cr含量对高锰奥氏体TWIP钢高温氧化行为的影响

通过恒温氧化增重实验和扫描电镜观察及XRD分析,研究了Cr含量对高锰奥氏体孪晶诱发塑性(TWIP)钢在700℃氧化8 h的高温氧化动力学过程及氧化产物的影响.结果表明:随着Cr含量的提高,高锰奥氏体TWIP钢的抗氧化能力增强;当Cr的质量分数为1.13%时,经过在700℃下8 h的高温氧化,样品单位面积的氧化增重为30μg/mm2;而当Cr的质量分数增加到3.95%时,单位面积的氧化增重降低至3μg/mm2.随着Cr含量的增加,高锰奥氏体TWIP钢氧化层的致密度提高,氧化产物的构成也具有明显的差异.     

Reverse microemulsion synthesis of nanostructured complex oxides for catalytic combustion

Catalysts play an important role in many industrial processes, but their use in high-temperature applications-such as energy generation through natural gas combustion, steam reforming and the partial oxidation of hydrocarbons to produce feedstock chemicals--is problematic. The need for catalytic materials that remain stable and active over long periods at high operation temperatures, often in the presence of deactivating or even poisoning compounds, presents a challenge. For example, catalytic methane combustion, which generates power with reduced greenhouse-gas and nitrogen-oxide emissions, is limited by the availability of catalysts that are sufficiently active at low temperatures for start-up and are then able to sustain activity and mechanical integrity at flame temperatures as high as 1,300 degrees C. Here we use sol-gel processing in reverse microemulsions to produce discrete barium hexa-aluminate nanoparticles that display excellent methane combustion activity, owing to their high surface area, high thermal stability and the ultrahigh dispersion of cerium oxide on the their surfaces. Our synthesis method provides a general route to the production of a wide range of thermally stable nanostructured composite materials with large surface-to-volume ratios and an ultrahigh component dispersion that gives rise to synergistic chemical and electronic effects, thus paving the way to the development of catalysts suitable for high-temperature industrial applications.     

Formation of zirconium metallic glass

Bulk metallic glasses are commonly produced by the rapid cooling of liquid alloys. They have emerged over the past decade as a novel class of materials, with attractive properties and technological promise. The bulk metallic glasses so far produced contain three or more component elements. These complex compositions are necessary to frustrate the crystallization of the liquid melt on cooling, but can also lead to phase separation, which is detrimental to the thermal and mechanical properties of metallic glasses. Here we report, using X-ray diffraction measurements, the formation of a bulk metallic glass from elemental zirconium at high static pressures and low temperatures (relative to its melting temperature at atmospheric pressure). Amorphous zirconium can be recovered at ambient conditions and demonstrates a superior thermal stability compared to amorphous alloys, which could lead to new high-temperature applications of amorphous metals.     

在钛合金表面制备Al-Si涂层的方法及其高温抗氧化性

采用低氧压高温快速熔结技术在Ti-6Al-4V合金表面成功地制备出具有抗高温氧化能力的Al-Si熔结涂层. 与其他工艺相比,这种工艺相对简单,且不需要经过长时间的加热处理就能在合金的表面形成一层足够厚度的Al-Si熔结涂层,不仅省时节能,且涂层中的抗氧化元素铝、硅的浓度可通过调整涂层粉末的混合比例来进行控制. XRD检测表明涂层主要由Al、Si、Ti5Si3和TiAl3相组成. 在1 073 K空气中循环氧化105 h的实验结果表明:未经过处理的钛合金试样的氧化增重一直保持着较高的增长速率;而对带有低氧压熔结Al-Si涂层的试样来说,其氧化增重近似呈抛物线规律,显著地提高了钛合金的抗氧化能力.     

Low-cost (ZrCu)50-xTax high temperature shape memory alloys showing excellent shape memory effect

ZrCu-based alloys, as one of the most potential high-temperature shape memory alloys, show quite high martensitic transformation temperature, relatively low price for the raw materials, and good casting fluidity. In this work, the martensitic transformation (MT) and shape memory effect of (ZrCu)_50-xTa_x high-temperature shape memory alloys were systematically investigated. Both X ray diffraction and SEM backscattered electron image demonstrated the coexistence of the main phase monoclinic martensite phase and the second phase Ta₂Cu. SEM results also revealed that increasing Ta content resulted in a larger volume fraction of Ta₂Cu phase. Differential scanning calorimetry results showed that the MT temperatures remarkably increased with Ta addition. The ductility of the (ZrCu)_50-xTa_x alloys was reduced to some degree with increasing Ta content. The shape memory effect was improved significantly, in which (ZrCu)₉₈Ta₂ alloy showed the 6.19% maximum recovery strain during 8% pre-strain under compression at 25 ?°C.     

300M钢的脱碳行为演化及防护研究

300M钢是重要的飞机主承力结构用材. 然而, 该材料在模锻热处理过程中会出现不同程度的表面氧化和脱碳, 严重影响锻件成品率. 本文对300M钢在不同热处理条件下的脱碳行为进行了系统研究, 利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线能谱分析(EDS)等手段表征分析了热处理后试样表层组织形貌, 并采用硬度法统计了脱碳层深度的变化情况, 阐明了300M钢在不同热处理条件下的脱碳行为演化规律, 厘清了防氧化涂层对脱碳层深度的影响. 结果表明, 300M钢在热处理过程中近表面处生成的致密氧化层对碳和氧元素的扩散具有明显的抑制作用; 碳的扩散速度与表层氧化速度在不同温度下都会有一个平衡点, 而表面防氧化剂涂层的施加则会破坏原有平衡. 微观组织分析结果显示, 300M钢表层全脱碳区为珠光体或铁素体, 半脱碳区为马氏体及析出碳化物. 本文还阐明了300M钢表层微观组织随保温时间的演化规律. 最后本文从热力学角度揭示了300M钢表层脱碳-氧化耦合机制. 本文的研究成果有望为300M钢的模锻优化工艺和热处理防护技术提供重要的数据和理论支撑.     

Ga对β基Co-Ni-Al铁磁性形状记忆合金马氏体和磁性转变的影响

借助光学金相、示差热分析、振动样品磁强计和x-射线能谱分析等分析方法，研究Ga含量对Co41Ni32-Al27-xGax合金马氏体相变和Curie点的影响。研究结果表明：合金马氏体相变温度与Ga含量成正比，在1573和1623K淬火时，X增加1，马氏体相变温度提高25K，但Ga含量对Curie点影响不大；在1573K淬火时，具有高有序度的马氏体相比B2结构相的Curie点高32K，说明结构有序度对Curie点影响较大；淬火温度升高会显著提高合金的马氏体相变温度和Curie点，当淬火温度从1573K升高到1623K时，马氏体相变温度升高43～69K，Curie点平均升高41K；随着Ga含量的增加，合金的熔点降低，在1623K淬火时Co41Ni32Al18Ga9合金发生部分熔化。     

超级绝热型防火材料的研究进展及其在城市地下空间的应用展望

超级绝热型防火材料,是一种具有纳米孔隙结构及超低导热系数的无机材料,可分为溶胶-凝胶法气凝胶复合材料和气相法氧化物纳米粉末基材料两种.其基础组成氧化物为SiO2和更高熔点的Al2 O3、ZrO2,且研究发现合适的复合组元比单组元在火灾温度下具有更好的耐热稳定性.红外遮光剂是显著降低材料高温导热系数的关键组分,通过比红外消光系数测定以及基于Mie散射理论等的数值计算为红外遮光剂的合理选择提供了依据.超级绝热型防火材料,具有高效防火的特点,只要很小的厚度就能达到较高的耐火等级.随着气凝胶材料从超临界干燥向常压干燥的发展,以及超级绝热型防火材料总体生产成本的降低,这种材料将在城市地下空间被动防火系统中发挥重要的作用.     

采用铝热自蔓延法制备低氧高钛铁合金

以金红石、钛精矿和Al为原料采用铝热自蔓延法制备出低氧高钛铁合金。研究不同反应体系的相关热力学,考察配铝量对铝热自蔓延熔炼效果的影响,采用XRD,SEM以及化学分析等技术对高钛铁合金进行表征。研究结果表明:反应体系的绝热温度大于1 800 K,反应能自我维持进行;铝还原TiO2反应的单位质量热效应较低,铝还原铁氧化物反应的单位质量热效应较高;合金主要由TiFe2,Fe,TiO2和Al2O3等相组成,氧化物夹杂相的存在是合金中氧含量高以及合金微观缺陷存在的直接原因;合金中氧含量最低为2.62%;钛、铝、铁和硅质量分数分别为61.58～66.27%,4.05%～9.20%,16.15%～20.53%及2.78%～3.82%。