Glacier variations and climate warming and drying in the central Himalayas

Repeat measurements of glacier terminus positions show that glaciers in the central Himalayas have been in a continuous retreat situation in the past decades. The average retreat rate is 5.5-8.7 m/a in Mt. Qomolangma(Everest) since the 1960s and 6.4 m/a in Mt. Xixiabangma since the 1980s. In recent years, the retreat rate is increasing.Ice core studies revealed that the accumulation rate of glaciers has a fluctuating decrease trend in the last century with a rapid decrease in the 1960s and a relatively steady low value afterwards. Meteorological station record indicates that the annual mean temperature has a slow increase trend but summer temperature had a larger increase in the past 30 a. All these suggest that the glacier retreat results from precipitation decrease in combination with temperature increase,and hence glacier shrinkage in this region will speed up if the climatic warming and drying continues.     

Recent area and ice volume change of Kangwure Glacier in the middle of Himalayas

This paper calculated and evaluated the area and ice volume changes of Kangwure Glacier in Mt. Xixiabangma, middle of Himalayas in the past 3 decades, based on the field survey of glacier boundary position by differential GPS and glacier depth by Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), together with the topographic map and remote sense data. The studied data showed that the Kangwure Glacier has experienced significant mass deficit since the 1970s, with 34.2% of area loss, 48.2% of ice volume loss and 7.5 m of average thickness decrease. This result revealed that the ice volume loss of Himalayan glaciers was more serious than expected. Analysis of meteorological data from two weather stations in the region of Mt. Xixiabangma, shows that the air temperature of this region has risen from the middle of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century. Significant retreat of Himalayas glacier driven by climatic warming will have a remarkable impact on hydrology and ecosystem.     

博格达山西缘三葛庄凸起多期构造变形及其对博格达山隆升的响应

三葛庄凸起位于准噶尔盆地东南缘柴窝堡盆地,夹持于博格达构造带与伊连哈比尔尕构造带之间,因其地理位置特殊,三葛庄凸起的构造演化对区域构造的研究有积极作用。通过二维地震资料解释、演化剖面制作,结合前人研究成果,揭示了三葛庄凸起构造特征及演化过程。认为三葛庄凸起的形成经历了多期构造抬升,与前人对博格达山的多期隆升研究有较高的匹配。结果表明:三葛庄凸起经历三期构造运动,受构造运动控制,三葛庄凸起形成三个明显的角度不整合,包括三叠系底部不整合,侏罗系底部不整合以及古近系底部不整合。三葛庄凸起是博格达山向西的延伸段,其演化受到博格达山的控制。晚二叠世博格达山初次隆升,三葛庄凸起随之抬升,造成三叠系底部不整合。受到印支运动的影响,博格达地区晚三叠世又遭受了强烈的挤压运动,在三葛庄凸起表现为三叠系与侏罗系之间的角度不整合。新生代时期博格达山及北天山的持续隆升导致三葛庄凸起南部发生挤压沉降,沉积新生界将博格达山的西段掩盖。     

Use of a multi-temporal grid method to analyze changes in glacier coverage in the Tibetan Plateau

This paper describes a multi-temporal grid method for quantifying changes in glacier coverage. A multi-temporal grid synthesizes spatial, attribute and process components of glacier information by sequentially combining spatial data from satellite images or maps. It enables us to identify glacier retreat and advance areas in individual grid cells for three or more periods of data sets. Discrepancies among the sequential data sets were detected graphically and numerically, including noise from geo-location error, misclassification, or different interpretation results in various pixel resolutions. Noise was detected and corrected to a large extent by visualization of the synthetic grid. The paper compares the results with that from a common method based on individual data sets, focusing on the Mt. Naimona'Nyi and Mt. Qomolangma regions at the northern slopes of the Himalayas. Results show that the identified noise (e.g. by 2.5 km2 in the Mt. Naimona'Nyi region) is much larger than measurement uncertainty calculated by sensor resolution and co-registration error (e.g. by 0.015 km2 in the Mt. Naimona'Nyi region). After noise removal, we notice that glacier recession clearly accelerates. The multi-temporal grid method results in a better quantification of glacier variation. It shows that glaciers in the Himalayas have both retreated and advanced during the last several decades, with retreat dominating and accelerating. Glaciers on the northern slope of Mt. Qomolangma in the middle Himalayas retreat more extensively and faster than those in the Mt. Naimona'Nyi region in the western Himalayas.     

博格达山南缘芦草沟组的浊积扇

根据岩性、沉积构造、古生物化石和地球化学标志，系统分析了博格达山南缘广泛发育的二叠系芦草沟组的沉积环境。研究表明：博格达山南缘芦草沟组深湖相沉积十分发育，并在此背景上沉积了近岸浊积扇和远岸浊积扇。其中，深湖相暗色泥、页岩和油页岩构成了良好的烃源岩。同时，认为吐哈盆地前侏罗系具有良好的勘探前景。     

新疆东天山地区自然铜矿带地质特征

文章对新疆东天山自然铜成矿带的地质特征进行了研究,该自然铜矿化带处于觉罗塔格金、铜、铁构造成矿带内,自然铜矿点自西向东分布于十里坡地区、黑龙峰地区和长城山地区;自然铜矿点的赋矿围岩为下石炭统马头滩组玄武岩和凝灰岩,矿石矿物主要以自然铜和砷铜矿为主,自然铜矿点中铜含量较高;通过对十里坡和黑龙峰自然铜矿点2个地球化学剖面的研究和对比,表明成矿元素铜受地层控制明显,2个自然铜矿点在大地构造位置,赋矿地层,赋矿岩石、铜的赋存状态和成矿元素组合方面有很多共性,认为东天山若干自然铜矿点是同一成矿作用的产物,东天山地区可能存在连续几百公里的自然铜成矿带.     

慕士塔格峰冰川变化遥感研究

以位于新疆维吾尔族自治区西南部的慕士塔格峰冰川为例,利用研究区1965年经航片校对的地形图和2001年5月的ASTER遥感影像为信息源,通过遥感图像处理技术和专家指导下的人工解译得到1965,2001年两期冰川边界图,用GIS统计该地区冰川面积,并分析冰川变化总趋势.结果表明,近36年来,慕士塔格峰冰川整体呈现退缩趋势,冰川面积减少了1.11%,而山峰西侧和南侧的部分冰川有前进的现象.     

博格达山构造演化控制下的烃源岩生烃演化模式

为解决准噶尔盆地东南部博格达山构造演化过程及其控制下的有效烃源岩的分布问题,应用平衡剖面恢复技术恢复演化过程;利用生烃模拟技术分析烃源岩演化过程。结果表明：博格达山经历了多期隆升-沉降的演化过程,主要经历了以下4个构造演化阶段：早中二叠世博格达地区处于拉张裂陷阶段、晚二叠世—三叠纪为弱挤压挠曲阶段、早中侏罗世为弱伸展演化阶段、侏罗纪末期至今为持续挤压隆升演化阶段。明确了构造对烃源岩生烃的控制作用,建立了博山山前带一次生烃型、持续生烃型和二次生烃型三种生烃演化模式,落实了有效烃源岩分布。     

Tropical to mid-latitude snow and ice accumulation, flow and glaciation on Mars

Images from the Mars Express HRSC (High-Resolution Stereo Camera) of debris aprons at the base of massifs in eastern Hellas reveal numerous concentrically ridged lobate and pitted features and related evidence of extremely ice-rich glacier-like viscous flow and sublimation. Together with new evidence for recent ice-rich rock glaciers at the base of the Olympus Mons scarp superposed on larger Late Amazonian debris-covered piedmont glaciers, we interpret these deposits as evidence for geologically recent and recurring glacial activity in tropical and mid-latitude regions of Mars during periods of increased spin-axis obliquity when polar ice was mobilized and redeposited in microenvironments at lower latitudes. The data indicate that abundant residual ice probably remains in these deposits and that these records of geologically recent climate changes are accessible to future automated and human surface exploration.     

Emission inventories of primary particles and pollutant gases for China

Detailed high-resolution emission inventories of primary particles(PM2.5,BC and OC) and pollutant gases(SO2,NOx,NH3,CO and VOCs) for China in 2007 were constructed on the basis of the latest fuel consumption data,mostly at the county level,and from socio-economic statistics and data on fossil and biomass fuels obtained from government agencies.New emission factors reflecting local features were also used.The calculated emissions were 13.212 Mt PM2.5,1.4 Mt BC,2.946 Mt OC,31.584 Mt SO2,23.248 Mt NOx,16.017 Mt NH3,164.856 Mt CO and 35.464 Mt VOCs.The national and regional emissions were gridded with 0.5°× 0.5° resolution for use in air quality models.Larger emissions were found in eastern and central China than in western China.The emissions estimated here are roughly equal to those obtained in previous studies,but with different contributions from because of seasonal changes in residential heating and biomass combustion.Finally,uncertainties in inventories were analyzed.     

长江谷地更新世气候

更新世中国东部盛行季风,长江谷地产生冰川,庐山冰川发育、更新世亚洲东部雪线降低,鄱阳湖畔有发育完美的羊背石及冰溜面,终碛及冰水沉积物。有3次冰川期:庐山鄱阳冰川期、大姑冰川期、庐山冰川期     

博格达山下二叠统塔什库拉组沉积特征及古地理分析

博格达山属于晚古生代的陆间裂谷。在早二叠世晚期,它为走向近东西的槽型盆地。盆地轴部位于博格达北坡及主峰一带,南北两侧为构造控制的高角度斜坡。斜坡上发育块体搬运的重力流沉积和内陆棚粗粒风暴岩。块体搬运的重力流顺斜坡演化为浊流,进入盆地轴部后转为由东往西顺盆地走向流动,并在轴部形成一套经典浊积岩。     

沉积地球化学在准东石炭系沉积环境分析中的应用

运用沉积地质特征和沉积地化特征的综合手段对准噶尔盆地东部晚石炭世沉积环境进行分析,认为研究区西部的东道海子凹陷和阜康凹陷为近海的咸化湖沉积,烃源岩主要发育暗色泥岩、沉凝灰岩、泥质灰岩;南部的三台凸起、吉木萨尔凹陷和博格达山前带主要为滨浅海和泻湖沼泽环境,烃源岩主要发育暗色泥岩、沉凝灰岩、灰岩;北部的石钱滩凹陷和五彩湾凹陷主要以海陆过渡相泻湖沼泽沉积为主;中部地区主要河流和陆内湖泊为主,烃源岩主要发育暗色泥岩、炭质泥岩、煤等。     

Numerical simulation of Urumqi Glacier No. 1 in the eastern Tianshan, central Asia from 2005 to 2070

Due to climate changes, most of the alpine glaciers have retreated dramatically during the past decades. Thus it is significant to predict the alpine glacier variability in the future for a better understanding of the impact of climate changes on water resource. In this paper, we perform the numerical simulation on Urumqi Glacier No.1 in the eastern Tianshan, central Asia (hereafter Glacier No.1 for short) by considering both the mass balance and ice flow. Given the shape of the Glacier No.1, the velocity of the glacier is obtained by solving a two-dimensional nonlinear Stokes equation and simulated result is in agreement with the observation. In order to predict the variability of Glacier No.1 in the next decades, a climatic scenario is constructed with a temperature rise rate as 0.17°C/10 a and precipitation as constant during the period of 2005-2070. The simulation shows that, the glacier terminus will retreat slowly and the glacier will thin dramatically before 2040, while after year 2040, the glacier terminus retreat will accelerate. This study confirms the increasing retreat rate of alpine glaciers under global warming.     

青藏高原的世界特有蛇种——温泉蛇

温泉蛇是我国青藏高原的特有种．它们是目前仅知可以分布在海拔4000米以上的唯一两种蛇之一,作者在恩师刘承钊院士的组织下,于1973年去西藏考察两栖爬行动物,曾到当雄羊八井采集和观察过温泉蛇,是我国学者观察研究温泉蛇的第一批人员．本世纪以来,虽然我又有机会组织去西藏考察,但年事已高,被同志们劝阻．幸此期我的中青年间事朋友们和研究生们先后有多人去西藏或四川理塘考察,我得以继续关注温泉蛇的研究进展．应中央民族大学生命与环境学院冯今朝院长之嘱,撰写此文,供有志于在青藏高原研究动物的同仁参考。     

云南高黎贡山东白眉长臂猿鸣声声谱研究

选取在云南高黎贡山赧亢、板场和保山市隆阳区太保公园中录制的东白眉长臂猿3组鸣声,用cool edie pro 2.0软件进行原始数据文件处理,再通过Raven pro 1.4软件进行声谱分析,得到图形化文件.据声谱分析结果,东白眉长臂猿二重唱中,雄性的鸣叫序列包括开始音节、重复音节和调节音节;调节音节根据第二个音节的频率变化分为强调音节和弱调音节.雌性的鸣唱序列分为重复音节和激动鸣叫,其激动鸣叫又可分为成功的激动鸣叫和失败的激动鸣叫.比较东白眉长臂猿与东、西黑冠长臂猿的鸣声,发现雌性东白眉长臂猿能够发出黑冠长臂猿雌性个体没有的重复音节.此外,雌性东白眉长臂猿失败的激动鸣叫的出现频率非常高,在一次完整的二重唱中都会存在雌性东白眉长臂猿失败的激动鸣叫,而东黑冠长臂猿的二重唱中没有.     

Low sea level rise projections from mountain glaciers and icecaps under global warming

The mean sea level has been projected to rise in the 21st century as a result of global warming. Such projections of sea level change depend on estimated future greenhouse emissions and on differing models, but model-average results from a mid-range scenario (A1B) suggests a 0.387-m rise by 2100 (refs 1, 2). The largest contributions to sea level rise are estimated to come from thermal expansion (0.288 m) and the melting of mountain glaciers and icecaps (0.106 m), with smaller inputs from Greenland (0.024 m) and Antarctica (- 0.074 m). Here we apply a melt model and a geometric volume model to our lower estimate of ice volume and assess the contribution of glaciers to sea level rise, excluding those in Greenland and Antarctica. We provide the first separate assessment of melt contributions from mountain glaciers and icecaps, as well as an improved treatment of volume shrinkage. We find that icecaps melt more slowly than mountain glaciers, whose area declines rapidly in the 21st century, making glaciers a limiting source for ice melt. Using two climate models, we project sea level rise due to melting of mountain glaciers and icecaps to be 0.046 and 0.051 m by 2100, about half that of previous projections.     

Glacial fluctuations and its impacts on lakes in the southern Tibetan Plateau

ost of the glacial mass on the Tibetan Plateau and the surrounding regions is in the mid- and low-latitudes. Ac-cording to China’s latest glacier inventory, there are about 36793 existing glaciers with a total area of roughly 49873.44 km² on the Tibetan Plateau, accounting for about 79.5% of the total glaciers and 84% of the total glacial area in China. Glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau can be categorized into three types: marine-type glaciers (or temperate glaciers); sub-continental glaciers (or sub-polar glaciers); and continental glaciers (i.e. polar glaciers).......     

燕山东段野生木半夏果实性状的株间变异

以燕山东段碣石山天然分布的木半夏果实为试验材料,对其果实的8个性状变异和各性状间的相关性进行了分析研究。结果表明：（1）果实性状株间变异比较显著;（2）果实各性状变异系数由大到小依次为空瘪率、果实重、果形指数、果实横径、果梗长、种子重、果实纵径、果肉率;（3）果肉率与果实横径成极显著正相关,与果形指数成显著负相关;种子重与果实重成极显著正相关,与空瘪率、果实横径成显著负相关,与果实纵径关系最不紧密;（4）建议在野生木半夏群体中筛选高果肉率和高种子重的单株时应分别进行,以果实横径的大小作为主要参考指标;在以观果效果为主的单株选择上,则宜果梗长短为主要参考指标。     

Initial estimate of the contribution of cryospheric change in China to sea level rise

Recent studies have shown that cryospheric melting is becoming the dominant factor responsible for sea level rise,and that the melt-water from mountain glaciers and ice caps has comprised the majority of the cryospheric contribution since 2003.Analysis of the estimations of cryospheric melt-water and precipitation in glacier regions indicated that the potential contribution of the cryosphere in China is 0.14 to 0.16 mm a–1,of which approximately 0.12 mm a–1 is from glaciers.The contribution of glaciers in the outflow river basins is about 0.07 mm a–1,accounting for 6.4%of the total from global glaciers and ice caps.