低熔点元素及合金改性HDDR钕铁硼磁粉的研究进展

氢化-歧化-脱氢-再复合(HDDR)工艺是制备各向异性钕铁硼(NdFeB)磁粉的主要方法.但HDDR磁粉实际矫顽力(H_C)较低,重稀土元素Dy的引入可以显著提高其H_C,经研究发现引入的Dy主要分布于磁体晶界,起调控晶界相的作用:增加晶界厚度,提高磁粉的各向异性场(H_A).但重稀土元素Dy自然资源匮乏且价格昂贵,限制了HDDR磁粉的发展.为减少磁粉中重稀土元素用量、降低成本,研究人员通过晶界扩散低熔点元素及合金来替代重稀土元素Dy,因低熔点物质在扩散过程中呈液相,提高了扩散介质与晶界相的接触面积及扩散系数,有利于其沿晶界扩散并调控晶界相,使磁粉H_C提高.对近些年晶界扩散低熔点元素及合金提高HDDR-NdFeB磁粉H_C的部分研究成果进行了归纳.     

高温破碎烧结磁体制取各向异性NdFeB磁粉(Ⅰ)

为了使用NdFeB烧结磁体制取各向异性的高性能磁粉,研究了在较高温度下NdFeB烧结磁体机械破碎时的断裂行为.结果表明:破碎温度升至600℃以上时,由于共晶反应形成少量的液态晶界相而使烧结磁体明显易于破碎,其主要断裂方式由室温下的穿晶断裂转变成高温下的沿晶断裂.高温破碎的磁粉中,富钕相的X射线衍射峰强度明显高于室温下破碎磁粉的衍射峰.     

稀土元素及其氧化物的磁性研究

易腐蚀、脆性大、工作温度偏低是制约烧结钕铁硼进一步发展和应用的主要缺陷,本文通过研究钕铁硼永磁材料主元合金成分Nd、B及热处理工艺对烧结NdFeB永磁材料晶界成分、晶界结构以及磁体性能的影响来探讨改进钕铁硼永磁材料.以及稀土锰氧化物CMR效应的研究,分析了CMR效应的成因及影响因素.通过对这几种稀土材料磁性的研究对比,分析各种磁性材料的优缺点,进而得出在不同领域不用适用环境的应用.     

(Nd,Pr,Ce)-Fe-B磁体的组织与磁学性能

为开发低成本烧结钕铁硼磁体,用30%Ce替代(Nd0.75Pr0.25)32.69Fe66.25B1.06磁体中的Nd和Pr,研究了磁体在烧结及回火过程中的组织结构和磁学性能变化.结果表明,取向压坯在1030～1080℃烧结2 h后,随烧结温度升高,磁学性能下降,烧结温度为1030℃时综合磁学性能均最好.烧结态Ce替代磁体的综合磁学性能优于未替代磁体.一级回火后,相组成和晶粒尺寸基本不变,边界结构也未发生明显变化,磁体性能基本不变,或有少量下降.二级回火后,晶界明显改善,获得较清晰且平直的晶界,磁体矫顽力均得到大幅提高.Ce替代磁体的剩磁、矫顽力和磁能积均稍低于未替代磁体.     

（Nd,Pr,Ce）-Fe-B 磁体的组织与磁学性能

为开发低成本烧结钕铁硼磁体,用30% Ce 替代(Nd0.75Pr0.25)32.69Fe66.25B1.06磁体中的 Nd 和 Pr,研究了磁体在烧结及回火过程中的组织结构和磁学性能变化.结果表明,取向压坯在1030～1080℃烧结2 h 后,随烧结温度升高,磁学性能下降,烧结温度为1030℃时综合磁学性能均最好.烧结态 Ce 替代磁体的综合磁学性能优于未替代磁体.一级回火后,相组成和晶粒尺寸基本不变,边界结构也未发生明显变化,磁体性能基本不变,或有少量下降.二级回火后,晶界明显改善,获得较清晰且平直的晶界,磁体矫顽力均得到大幅提高. Ce 替代磁体的剩磁、矫顽力和磁能积均稍低于未替代磁体.     

Nd—Fe—B磁性能的改善

研究替代元素Al,Co,Dy,烧结温度和时效处理工艺对Nd-Fe-B永磁合金磁性能的影响.结果表明,合金的剩磁由基体强磁性相的成份和结构所决定.矫顽力大小与非基体相分布有关.对于一定成份的磁体,剩磁受烧结温度所制约.时效处理可显著提高矫顽力,复合添加Al,Co,Dy元素,有利于Nd-Fe-B磁体的磁性能改善.     

合成抗水化性致密氧化钙砂的研究

以轻质碳酸钙为原料,研究了分别添加0~20%(摩尔分数)MgO和ZrO2对氧化钙砂烧结和抗水化性的影响.研究结果表明,轻质CaCO3烧结活性高,经1 400℃烧成即可获得相对密度96%以上的CaO砂,但由于CaO晶粒的异常生长,抑制了致密性的进一步提高.添加MgO和ZrO2,能够有效地抑制CaO晶粒生长,有利于气孔排除,促进CaO砂致密度的提高并改善其微观结构.当添加20%MgO时,发育良好的MgO晶粒占据了大部分CaO晶界三角区,形成结构均一的微观结构.当添加20%ZrO2时,CaO晶粒被生成的CaZrO3保护层包围.添加MgO和ZrO2以后,由于致密度的增加,CaO固溶体的形成(添加MgO...     

烧结NdFeB磁体的显微组织和磁性的研究

采用能谱、扫描电镜等手段 ,研究烧结NdFeB磁体的显微组织及磁性能。结果表明 ,加入Nb可细化晶粒 ,并有大量的二次晶粒析出 ,使矫顽力提高。Tb的加入量不能太多 ,太多会使矫顽力降低     

晶界扩散镝(Dy)烧结钕铁硼磁性能的研究

采用晶界扩散镝的方式对烧结后的磁体进行研究,探讨晶界扩散镝对磁体成分、磁性能、失重等的影响。     

有机物包覆处理对粘结NdFeB性能的影响

对快淬NdFeB磁粉表面进行有机硅烷(KH550)包覆处理,研究了包覆处理对快淬NdFeB磁粉抗氧化性的影响,并初步研究了包覆处理对快淬NdFeB粘结磁体的密度,抗压强度及磁性能的影响规律,利用SEM观察了磁粉表面状态及磁体的断口形貌.结果表明:有机硅烷(KH550)包覆处理可明显提高磁粉的抗氧化性,而相应粘结磁体的密度,抗压强度及磁性能也得到了不同程度的提高或改善.     

NdFeB系永磁体的矫顽力

根据TEM观察,建立了三元烧结NdFeB系永磁体的显微结构模型。运用微磁学理论对矫顽力模型作了计算,并讨论了Nd_2Fe_(14)B晶粒和NdFeB系永磁体的矫顽力。提出了烧结NdFeB系永磁体Nd_2Fe_(14)B晶粒的外延壳磁硬化理论和提高其矫顽力的途径。     

Coercivity enhancement of the sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet with intergranular multi-addition

In order to improve the coercivity of the sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet, a Nd_13.5Fe_79.75B_6.75 magnet with intergranular multi-addition of 2% DyH₃, 2% NdH₃ and 1% Nd₂O₃ is prepared and its magnetic property and microstructure are analyzed. The results show that the coercivity of the magnet with multi-addition is as high as 1 300 kA/m, while that of the magnets with DyH₃ and Nd₂O₃ are 520 kA/m and 850 kA/m, respectively. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) shows that the grain boundaries in the magnet with multi-addition are smoother and the grain size is smaller than that in the magnet without the addition. Compared with addition of DyH₃ or Nd₂O₃, the multi-addition can more effectively enhance coercivity of the magnet. Intergranular adding process with multi-addition can both increase the anisotropy field and optimize the grain-boundary microstructure of the magnet. As a result, the coercivity of the magnet is significantly increased.     

Nd<Subscript>2</Subscript>Fe<Subscript>17</Subscript> nanograins effect on the coercivity of HDDR NdFeB magnets with low boron content

Relationships between the coercivity of hydrogenation disproportionation desorption recombination (HDDR) Nd_12.5Fe_81.5−x Co₆B _x bonded magnets and boron content were investigated. Nd₂Fe₁₇ phase with planar magnetic anisotropy is present in the microstructure when x= 4at%–5.88at%, which does not reduce the coercivity of the bonded magnets. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that Nd₂Fe₁₇ phase exists in the form of nanocrystals in the Nd2Fe14B matrix. There is an exchange-coupling interaction between the two phases so that the coercivity of HDDR Nd_12.5Fe_81.5−x Co₆B _x bonded magnets is hardly reduced with a decrease in boron content.     

烧结NdFeB磁体表面化学镀Ni-Cu-P合金及防腐性能

在烧结NdFeB磁体表面化学镀Ni-Cu-P以提高其耐腐蚀性能. 研究了络合剂的质量浓度、镀液的pH值、施镀温度及金属离子配比[Cu2 ]/[Ni2 ]对沉积速度和镀层成分的影响. 用扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDAX)观察镀层形貌并分析镀层成分. 测定Ni-Cu-P合金镀层在质量分数3.5% NaCl溶液中的极化曲线,并结合中性盐雾实验表征镀层的耐腐蚀性能. 研究表明:烧结NdFeB永磁体经碱性超声波除油、酸洗活化后进行化学镀Ni-Cu-P,可得到结合力良好的合金镀层;随着镀液中金属离子配比[Cu2 ]/[Ni2 ]的增大,所得镀层从非晶向晶态转变,镀层中的磷含量先升高后降低,镀层表面变得平整、致密;化学镀Ni-Cu-P三元合金的耐腐蚀性能优于相同条件下所得到的Ni-P镀层,且从金属离子配比([Cu2 ]/[Ni2 ])为0.02的镀液中得到的镀层的耐腐蚀性能最强.     

Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Cr7C3/γ-Fe Ceramal Composite Coating Fabricated by Plasma Cladding

A new type in situ Cr7C3/γ-Fe ceramal composite coating was fabricated on substrate of hardened and tempered grade C steel by plasma cladding with Fe-Cr-C alloy powders. The ceramal composite coating has a rapidly solidified microstructure consisting of primary Cr7C3/γ- and the Cr7C3/γ-Fe eutectics, and is metallurgically bonded to the degree C steel substrate. The corrosion resistances of the coating in water solutions of 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 and 3.5% NaCl were evaluated utilizing the electrochemical polarization corrosion-test method. Because of the inherent excellent corrosion-resisting properties of the constituting phase and the rapidly solidified homogeneous microstructure, the plasma clad ceramal composite coating exhibits excellent corrosion resistance in the water solutions of 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 and 3.5% NaCl.     

高温破碎烧结磁体制取各向异性NdFeB磁粉(Ⅱ)

在较高温度下对烧结NdFeB磁体进行机械破碎制取了磁粉．实验结果表明：当破碎温度升高到合金的三元共晶温度附近时，所得磁粉的矫顽力显著高于室温破碎磁粉的矫顽力．高温破碎磁粉矫顽力的升高与磁体破碎时由低温下穿晶断裂向高温下沿晶断裂的转变直接相关．原因在于高温破碎磁粉中，表层穿晶裂纹数量减少，表面较均匀地被富Nd相包覆，以及颗粒中尖锐棱角部位明显减少．高温破碎磁粉的矫顽力经过适当热处理还能进一步提高．     

Effect of heating rate on the densification of NdFeB alloys sintered by an electric field

This study introduces a novel method of electric field sintering for preparing NdFeB magnets. NdFeB alloy compacts were all sintered by electric fields for 8 min at 1000℃ with different preset heating rates. The characteristics of electric field sintering and the effects of heating rate on the sintering densification of NdFeB alloys were also studied. It is found that electric field sintering is a new non-pressure rapid sintering method for preparing NdFeB magnets with fine grains at a relatively lower sintering temperature and in a shorter sintering time. Using this method, the sintering temperature and process of the compacts can be controlled accurately. When the preset heating rate increasing from 5 to 2000℃/s the densification of NdFeB sintered compacts gradually improves. As the preset heating rate is 2000℃/s, Nd-rich phases are small, dispersed and uniformly distributed in the sintered compact, and the magnet has a better microstructure than that made by conventional vacuum sintering. Also, the maximum energy product of the sintered magnet reaches 95% of conventionally vacuum sintered magnets.     

Magnetic properties and thermal stability of sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet with Dy-Ni additive

A sintered(Nd_(0.8)Pr_(0.2))_(30.7)FebalB_(0.98)Cu_(0.2) magnet with 3% intergranular Dy_(85)Ni_(15) additive is prepared to study the magnetic properties and thermal stability of the Nd-Fe-B magnet. The results show that the magnet with or without additive obtains its optimum comprehensive magnetic properties at the sintering temperature of 1 030 ℃ and 1 040 ℃, respectively. The maximum coercivity of the magnet with additive reaches 15.16 k Oe, while that of the magnet without additive is just 11.88 k Oe. Further investigation on microstructure indicates that the grains of the magnet with additive form a modified "core shell" structure. Adding Dy_(85)Ni_(15) can significantly enhance the coercivity of Nd-Fe-B magnet and thus decrease its coercivity temperature coefficient.