基于可再生能源的分布式多目标供能系统(二)

提出了两种以氢为能量载体的基于可再生能源的多目标分布式供能系统的新构思，分别利用太阳光直接分解水制氢及太阳能高温集热（或高温燃料电池排气余热）分解生物质和水制氢，并与高温燃料电池，微型燃气轮机以及后续的供热，制冷，调湿等子系统共同构成高效，无污染的可以供氢，供电，供热，供轴功的多联产综合供能系统，简要分析了可再生能源高效低成本制氢的有关理论与技术，报道了本室光催化分解水制氢与超临界水生物催化气化制氢研究的最新进展。     

Production of dimethylfuran for liquid fuels from biomass-derived carbohydrates

Diminishing fossil fuel reserves and growing concerns about global warming indicate that sustainable sources of energy are needed in the near future. For fuels to be useful in the transportation sector, they must have specific physical properties that allow for efficient distribution, storage and combustion; these properties are currently fulfilled by non-renewable petroleum-derived liquid fuels. Ethanol, the only renewable liquid fuel currently produced in large quantities, suffers from several limitations, including low energy density, high volatility, and contamination by the absorption of water from the atmosphere. Here we present a catalytic strategy for the production of 2,5-dimethylfuran from fructose (a carbohydrate obtained directly from biomass or by the isomerization of glucose) for use as a liquid transportation fuel. Compared to ethanol, 2,5-dimethylfuran has a higher energy density (by 40 per cent), a higher boiling point (by 20 K), and is not soluble in water. This catalytic strategy creates a route for transforming abundant renewable biomass resources into a liquid fuel suitable for the transportation sector, and may diminish our reliance on petroleum.     

Key technologies for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell systems fueled impure hydrogen

Hydrogen energy and polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells become concerned issues in recent years. Nevertheless, the construction of hydrogen refueling infrastructure and hydrogen storage and transportation constrains the commercial development of fuel cells. In this review, sources, production, storage, transportation, and purification methods of hydrogen are extensively reviewed and compared. The advantages of utilizing industrial by-product hydrogen and steam reforming gas in PEM fuel cell systems are analyzed. Using industrial wasted hydrogen can significantly reduce the cost of hydrogen. Also, it is indicated that the onboard hydrogen generation by steam methanol reforming can solve the difficulties of efficient storage and transportation of gaseous hydrogen, which means that methanol has great potential to be a convenient carrier of hydrogen. The effects of impurities contained in the reformate gas are generally introduced. After the methanol steam reforming and pretreatment purification processes, the reformate gas can be fed to PEM fuel cells. Thus, a fuel cell system integrated with onboard hydrogen production and impure hydrogen treatment subsystems is introduced, and key technologies therein for pretreatment purification and in-situ poisoning mitigation methods are reviewed. Finally, suggestions are proposed for further studies.     

沼气制氢工艺研究进展

沼气是具有巨大发展潜力的清洁可再生能源,可作为生物天然气的来源。利用沼气提纯得到天然气品质的甲烷制氢或沼气原料直接制氢具有可持续和环境友好等优点,而沼气中杂质的去除、催化剂以及操作条件的优化是提高沼气制氢反应效率和选择性的重点。系统综述了目前主要的几种沼气制氢工艺的研究进展。较优的沼气制氢工艺包括：将沼气提纯得到的甲烷通过催化裂解法制氢,可避免生成CO_x;消耗沼气主要成分CO₂和CH₄制氢的干重整法;能够结合H₂的分离和纯化、CO₂捕集和热整合的化学链重整技术。通过高效的工艺利用沼气制取氢气,对促进生物天然气产业的发展、提高可再生能源的使用率以及实现碳减排具有重要意义。     

太阳燃料：新一代绿色能源

 综述了燃料发展的历史、太阳燃料的发展起源及光解水制氢、CO₂光还原制化学品的科学研究总体进展情况与发展趋势，并结合我国人工合成太阳燃料科学研究概况，提出了发展新型高效光催化材料的合成方法学等发展建议。     

太阳燃料：新一代绿色能源

 综述了燃料发展的历史、太阳燃料的发展起源及光解水制氢、CO₂光还原制化学品的科学研究总体进展情况与发展趋势，并结合我国人工合成太阳燃料科学研究概况，提出了发展新型高效光催化材料的合成方法学等发展建议。     

Nanomaterials for renewable hydrogen production, storage and utilization

An ever growing demand for energy coupled with increasing pollution is forcing us to seek environmentally clean alternative energy resources to substitute fossil fuels. The rapid development of nanomaterials has opened up new avenues for the conversion and utilization of renewable energy. This article reviews nanostructured materials designed for selected applications in renewable energy conversion and utilization. The review is based on the authors’ research, with particular focus on solar hydrogen production, hydrogen storage and hydrogen utilization. The topics include photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting and photocatalytic hydrogen production, solid-state hydrogen storage, and proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). It is expected that the rational design of nanomaterials could play an important role in achieving a renewable energy based economy in the coming decades.     

生物质液体燃料生产系统技术经济建模及分析

利用生物质生产液体燃料是世界可再生能源发展的趋势之一。由于生物质液体燃料的原料来源及收集方式和生产工艺具有特殊性,其生产系统与现有化石液体燃料有较大区别。该文建立了包括多个通用模块的技术经济分析模型,以解决不同原料和工艺路线的生物质液体燃料生产系统的投资及成本分析和生产组织优化等问题。利用该模型对以玉米秸秆为原料的乙醇生产系统进行了案例分析。分析结果表明:目前1万t/a规模的玉米秸秆乙醇单位成本以加工费用为主,乙醇产出系数和生产操作费用系数变化对于成本影响最大。     

Direct splitting of water under visible light irradiation with an oxide semiconductor photocatalyst.

The photocatalytic splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen using solar energy is a potentially clean and renewable source for hydrogen fuel. The first photocatalysts suitable for water splitting, or for activating hydrogen production from carbohydrate compounds made by plants from water and carbon dioxide, were developed several decades ago. But these catalysts operate with ultraviolet light, which accounts for only 4% of the incoming solar energy and thus renders the overall process impractical. For this reason, considerable efforts have been invested in developing photocatalysts capable of using the less energetic but more abundant visible light, which accounts for about 43% of the incoming solar energy. However, systems that are sufficiently stable and efficient for practical use have not yet been realized. Here we show that doping of indium-tantalum-oxide with nickel yields a series of photocatalysts, In(1-x)Ni(x)TaO(4) (x = 0-0.2), which induces direct splitting of water into stoichiometric amounts of oxygen and hydrogen under visible light irradiation with a quantum yield of about 0.66%. Our findings suggest that the use of solar energy for photocatalytic water splitting might provide a viable source for 'clean' hydrogen fuel, once the catalytic efficiency of the semiconductor system has been improved by increasing its surface area and suitable modifications of the surface sites.     

燃料重整制氢技术研究进展

对燃料制氢技术的各种制氢方法和典型设备进行综述,明确随车燃料重整制氢技术的应用前景,并指出各种燃料重整方法的局限性.对蒸汽重整、部分氧化、自热重整、裂解、等离子裂解等技术进行归纳分析,针对随车燃料重整提出基于尾气的分类方法.     

玉米秸秆发酵产氢研究

传统能源储量日益减少以及能源需求的不断增长使21世纪的能源问题面临巨大的挑战,人们越来越认识到可再生能源的巨大潜力和发展前景。利用农业固体废弃物和污泥联合厌氧发酵制氢,既可解决农业废物和污泥的环境污染问题,又可制备清洁的燃料能源,因此具有非常重要的研究价值。以厌氧活性污泥为接种物,以玉米秸秆为发酵底物进行发酵产氢实验,研究了不同秸秆粒径、预处理方法、发酵液pH值和金属离子对玉米秸秆发酵产氢速率以及产氢气量的影响。结果表明：玉米秸秆粒径越小越利于发酵产氢;经过H2SO4预处理后,玉米秸秆单位总产氢量大于经NaOH预处理样品;pH值为6左右可以提高玉米秸秆的发酵产氢气速率;Fe2＋和Mg2＋对发酵产氢效果有一定的影响。     

Ca(OH)2对生物质水蒸气气化制氢的影响

提出一种新型的生物质水蒸气气化制氢方法.该方法在生物质水蒸气气化过程中添加CO2吸收剂,旨在通过吸收CO2促进产氢反应向着氢气产生方向进行,从而提高产氢量.分析了Ca(OH)2、水蒸气、温度和保持时间对产氢量以及产气组分百分比的影响,结果表明:在生物质水蒸气气化过程中添加CO2吸收剂能显著提高产氢量;随着Ca(OH)2的增加产氢量先升高后略微降低,Ca(OH)2对水煤气反应的影响要明显强于对甲烷水蒸气重整反应的影响;产氢量随水蒸气的增加先升高后降低;产氢量随温度的升高迅速增加;充足的保持时间可以使制氢反应进行彻底.     

生物质成型燃料洁净生产分析

为了定性和定量地对生物质成型燃料进行清洁生产评价,以平模和环模为成型设备的生物质一体化成型燃料生产系统为例,分析了生物质成型燃料工艺选择合理性、参数控制的有效性、生产稳定性、设备自动化程度、设备布置的合理性、公用工程节能要求等生产工艺与装备要求指标,新鲜水耗系数、能耗系数、物耗系数、清洁能源消耗系数、资源有毒有害系数等资源能源利用指标,产品合格率、产品寿命、有害产品系数等产品指标.结果表明:生物质成型燃料符合国家政策、工艺选择合理,从源头上杜绝了污染物的产生,消除了末端治理的压力;同时该系统生产稳定、自动化程度高、设备布置合理、能耗低;生产系统的新鲜水耗系数几乎为零,物耗系数小、能耗系数小、清洁能源消耗系数小、资源有毒有害系数极低;同时,生物质成型燃料是一种合格、耐烧和十分清洁的产品.     

入口气组分对质子交换膜燃料电池柴油水蒸气重整制氢流程的影响

考察了Ni--Yb/γ--Al2O3(Ni 16%,Yb 5%,质量分数)催化剂,入口气中添加不同组分(CO2、H2和CH4)对柴油低/高温水蒸气重整过程中转化率及重整率的影响,以及添加CO2入口气对质子交换膜燃料电池柴油水蒸气重整制氢流程中后续的CO水气变换和深度去除CO过程的影响.结果表明:入口气中添加CO2或H2进一步提高了柴油在低温(400～500℃)水蒸气重整反应中的转化率(95%),能够为后续的高温(550～750℃)水蒸气重整过程提供CH4代替柴油作为重整原料,从而显著抑制了积碳.入口气中添加H2对高温水蒸气重整有抑制作用,添加CH4不利于提高柴油转化率.入口气中添加CO2时,气碳摩尔比约为0.54时柴油转化率最佳,但重整产物中CO含量会增加,因而后续CO水汽变换过程的空速需降低以便保证CO去除率,添加CO2对最后深度去除CO过程(两段选择甲烷化法)无明显影响.     

可再生能源发电竞价上网研究

传统能源煤炭、石油、天然气等由于资源储量有限,日益成为阻碍各国经济发展的瓶颈。可再生能源作为一种有利于环境保护和经济、社会可持续发展的新型能源,在未来的10多年中将得到长足的发展。文章分析了市场竞争条件下,可再生能源发电与常规电力的竞价博弈机制,结果表明,在目前的机制下,可再生能源发电由于其成本、规模的限制,在电力市场竞争中处于劣势。可再生能源发电只有在国家政策扶持或者是对传统电力的政策调整的情况下,才能逐步走上健康发展的正轨。     

生物质能的利用和能源植物的开发

生物质能具有资源容量大、清洁可再生特性.发展植物能源是解决矿石能源危机的可行措施,生物乙醇和生物柴油产业已在全球得到较快的发展,并受到我国政府的高度重视.为此综述了生物质能的利用方式和高产生物质植物、能源作物、类石油植物三类能源植物资源的发展情况,并结合我国的科技发展规划,对续随子、黑皂树等特色能源植物进行了介绍.     

Direct oxidation of hydrocarbons in a solid-oxide fuel cell

The direct electrochemical oxidation of dry hydrocarbon fuels to generate electrical power has the potential to accelerate substantially the use of fuel cells in transportation and distributed-power applications. Most fuel-cell research has involved the use of hydrogen as the fuel, although the practical generation and storage of hydrogen remains an important technological hurdle. Methane has been successfully oxidized electrochemically, but the susceptibility to carbon formation from other hydrocarbons that may be present or poor power densities have prevented the application of this simple fuel in practical applications. Here we report the direct, electrochemical oxidation of various hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, 1-butene, n-butane and toluene) using a solid-oxide fuel cell at 973 and 1,073 K with a composite anode of copper and ceria (or samaria-doped ceria). We demonstrate that the final products of the oxidation are CO2 and water, and that reasonable power densities can be achieved. The observation that a solid-oxide fuel cell can be operated on dry hydrocarbons, including liquid fuels, without reforming, suggests that this type of fuel cell could provide an alternative to hydrogen-based fuel-cell technologies.     

燃料电池汽车能耗、排放与经济性评估

针对电解水制氢路径,深入讨论不同发电方式对燃料电池汽车全生命周期的影响;对不同发电方式下电解水制氢路径的燃料电池汽车采用GREET软件进行能耗、排放、环境影响和替代效益的建模及仿真计算;对不同发电制氢路径的燃料电池汽车综合成本进行计算和分析.结果表明,风能发电电解水制氢路径的能耗和排放最低,对环境最为友好,且经济效益相对较高,是目前实现绿色、高效使用燃料电池汽车的最可行路径.     

纤维素类生物质热解技术研究进展

生物质是地球上存在的最丰富的可再生资源,通过热解技术实现生物质高值转化是一种前途乐观的工艺.热解是在完全无氧或有限供氧条件下,极少发生气化反应的情况下进行的降解反应.热解的主要产物有生物油、焦炭和气体.通过热解技术可以实现把低能量密度的生物质转化为高能量密度的液、固、气产品,同时还能从生物油中提取多种化学品.主要综述了纤维素类生物质热解的一般原理,热解反应器及其工艺参数,热解产物组成及其特性等.     

中国主要生物质燃料油木本能源植物资源概况与展望

为了满足生物质燃料油生产对原料的需要，对中国适合于作生物质燃料油原料的主要木本植物资源进行了全面普查，明晰了中国主要生物质燃料油木本原料植物资源的分布。生长及可利用状况，并在资源集中地区建立起主要生物质燃料油木本植物资源基地，进行优良类型的选育并对其生物学特性、经济性状进行研究，建立起良种繁育基地。该项研究填补了生物质燃料油木本能源植物特别是其良种选育领域的研究空白，对加快我国生物质燃料油产业化的进程将起到明显的促进作用。