连续重整径向再生器烧炭区的数值模拟

对连续重整径向再生器烧炭区的化学反应过程及传递过程进行了详细的理论分析 ,建立了烧焦反应的本征动力学方程、催化剂内外扩散模型、床层中传质、传热模型以及气固两相的流动模型 ,并在此基础上建立了错流移动床烧焦数学模型。运用该模型计算了连续重整再生器烧炭区床层内的温度、氧浓度和炭浓度的分布。研究结果表明 ,在床层上部内筛网处出现恒定的高温区 ,通过控制再生循环气中氧气的浓度可以控制床层的最高温度 ,并且两段烧焦有利于减少烧焦所需要的床层长度。模拟计算得到的再生器烧炭区床层温度分布与工业现场测量值基本吻合 ,该模型可用于分析和预测连续重整再生器烧炭区床层的温度、氧浓度和炭浓度分布 ,对设计和生产具有一定的指导意义     

催化裂化再生器内气固两相流动及烧焦反应的数值模拟

在气固两相流动模型的基础上,结合催化剂的烧碳、烧氧反应动力学模型,并考虑相问热量、质量传递对流动的影响,建立再生器气固两相流动及烧焦反应模型,对工业再生器进行模拟计算.结果表明:建立的气固两相流动及烧焦反应模型具有良好的预测性,对工业再生器的计算较好地揭示了再生器内的气固流动状况、组分摩尔分数变化及温度场分布等,结果与实际数据基本符合;模拟时忽略了再生器的内构件,对模拟结果有一定的影响.     

重整催化剂冷态提升模式对催化剂再生的影响

介绍了连续重整装置催化剂冷态提升模式新技术,并针对启用冷态提升模式后引发催化剂二次积碳对催化剂再生过程带来的潜在危害进行了简要分析。提出在再生烧焦遇到二次积碳时,再生器烧焦应由白烧改为黑烧,并降低催化剂循环速率至75%或更低,保持烧焦区氧含量在1.1%(摩尔分数)以下直到二次积碳完全通过烧焦区可以有效保护再生器内构件免受损害,防止催化剂烧结失活。     

流化床烧炭再生的传热分析

研究了流化床反应器内烧炭再生时气-固间的传热机理,建立了气-固传热面积模型和床层瞬态传热模型,并将模型计算值与实验测定值进行了对比,二者符合良好.结果表明结焦催化剂高温再生过程中,气、固间存在显著温差.     

流化床烧炭再生的动力学研究--过渡态的动力学模型

考虑内外、扩散的影响下 ,建立了烧炭再生中氧和碳在催化剂颗粒上的浓度分布方程 用单点正交配置法模拟出了焦炭转化率与反应时间的关系模型 ,并将模型计算值与实验测定值进行了比较 ,二者符合良好     

流化床烧炭再生的动力学研究——过渡态的动力学模型

考虑内外、扩散的影响下，建立了烧炭再生中氧和碳在催化剂颗粒上的浓度分布方程．用单点正交配置法模拟出了焦炭转化率与反应时间的关系模型，并将模型计算值与实验测定值进行了比较，二者符合良好．     

氧热法电石生产复合床反应器预热区的设计计算

针对氧热法电石生产工艺中复合床反应器预热区高温CO和原料层进行热交换的体系,建立了计及原料颗粒内热阻的移动床气固两相换热模型。重点考察了反应器预热区气固两相温度的分布,计算了不同原料粒径和不同预热区直径条件下,达到反应器换热要求所需要的换热高度,并得到了气固两相温度分布的解析解。结果表明:(1)颗粒粒径较大时(ε的值小于3.3),颗粒内热阻成为气固两相换热过程的控制步骤,综合考虑床层透气性和床层压降等制约条件,在可选范围之内应优先选用直径为1 cm的原料;(2)移动床气固换热过程主要受控于ε、β和γ这3个无因次参量,并且主要受控于ε;(3)气固两相温度分布的解析解,能为此类颗粒移动床换热过程提供初步设计依据。     

催化裂化装置的动态模拟与操作分析

催化裂化装置的动态模拟和操作分析是优化操作和先进控制的基础.在强调催化裂化动态机理模型的优点后,对二级裂化反应转化率经验模型和集总反应动力学模型两大类动力学模型、再生过程中烧碳、烧氢动力学模型、床层再生器流化模型、快速床再生器流化模型和反应器再生器动态数学模型进行了详细的评述,并指出运用动态机理模型对装置操作进行分析,特别是装置稳定性分析可以为催化裂化装置的设计、操作和控制提供依据.     

催化裂化装置的动态模拟与操作分析

催化裂化装置的动态模拟和操作分析是优化操作和先进控制的基础。在强调催化裂化动态机理模型的优点后,对二级裂化反应转化率经验模型和集总反应动力学模型两大类动力学模型、再生过程中烧碳、烧氢动力学模型、床层再生器流化模型、快速床再生器流化模型和反应器 再生器动态数学模型进行了详细的评述,并指出运用动态机理模型对装置操作进行分析,特别是装置稳定性分析可以为催化裂化装置的设计、操作和控制提供依据     

氧热法电石生产复合床反应器预热区的设计计算

针对氧热法电石生产工艺中复合床反应器预热区高温CO和原料层进行热交换的体系,建立了计及原料颗粒内热阻的移动床气固两相换热模型。重点考察了反应器预热区气固两相温度的分布,计算了不同原料粒径和不同预热区直径条件下,达到反应器换热要求所需要的换热高度,并得到了气固两相温度分布的解析解。结果表明：（1）颗粒粒径较大时（ε的值小于33）,颗粒内热阻成为气固两相换热过程的控制步骤,综合考虑床层透气性和床层压降等制约条件,在可选范围之内应优先选用直径为1cm的原料;（2）移动床气固换热过程主要受控于ε、β和γ这3个无因次参量,并且主要受控于ε;（3）气固两相温度分布的解析解,能为此类颗粒移动床换热过程提供初步设计依据。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

The Analects and the Moment in Peking——The influence of a Confucian education system on the personality formation,the way of thinking and the fate of the main characters

0.Preface China has long been boasting of its colorful and immense culture which comprises of Taoism,Confucianism and Buddhism.The interwoven influence among the religions on Chinese way of thinking,on the nation＇s behavior in their social life throughout the long history is beyond list.