可信激励算法对区块链移动节点共识优化研究

节点可移动的物联网应用区块链时将节点称为区块链移动节点,区块链移动节点存在通信连通时间较短、算力和存储能力不足等问题导致网络达成共识时安全性和吞吐量较低.提出一种可信激励算法对共识过程进行优化,首先区块链移动节点接收共识所需信息完成初始化;其次每个区块链移动节点生成判决块,判决块包含对验证消息的投票结果、自身的可信因子和判决块的生成时间,根据判决块中在相邻区块链移动节点组成的集群中选出中继节点,中继节点传播验证消息到下一个集群,并产生区块存储在边缘服务器,一个中继为一跳,当跳数大于网络阈值跳数时完成共识;最后根据激励机制对节点奖励或惩罚,并按激励情况更新节点的行为标识反馈到共识.仿真结果表明,与应用在同样网络情况的PoET和PoS算法相比,可信激励算法在保证了一定的吞吐量情况下,有效降低验证消息验证失败率提高了共识安全性,更适合节点可移动的物联网网络.     

基于可信性评估的区块链共识机制的研究

共识算法是区块链的核心。为解决基于算力的共识算法存在的安全问题,一般采用基于历史行为的信任值代替算力,但该方法只根据特定的行为决定每个节点的信任值,太过于简单,不适用于复杂的应用场景。因此提出了一种基于可信性评估的区块链共识机制,利用区块链节点在整个区块链上的工作表现产生的信任值,来定义节点的力量,信任值由信任值评估算法产生,在算力和时间方面增加攻击成本。经过对提出的共识机制的性能测试和安全性分析,表明本文中的共识机制对于基于算力的攻击成本远超于其他共识算法。     

基于信誉度的主从多链区块链共识机制

针对单一区块链系统的性能局限性、多链系统跨链共识困境以及数据分布挑战问题,该文提出了一种主从多链的共识机制。设计了2层区块链结构以构建主从多链。通过主区块链链接多条从区块链,保证了数字化资产的全局一致性,提高了区块链的性能。将信誉度评估引入基于权益证明的共识机制中,提高了交易的吞吐量。设计了多共识机制融合的联合共识机制,确保数据的一致性和不可篡改性。通过生成动态验证节点,确保节点的去中心化和防止恶意攻击。相比传统的以太坊(ETH)区块链,仿真实验结果表明每秒事务处理量(TPS)提升了约48%,拥有高权益节点的恶意行为将受到更严重的惩罚,证明了主从多链设计在应对权益粉碎攻击、贿赂攻击等方面具有安全性高、事务处理快的优势。     

基于联盟区块链和IPFS的音乐共享模型

提出一种基于联盟区块链技术和星际文件系统(IPFS)的去中心化音乐共享模型.利用区块链去中心化、不可篡改等特点,结合IPFS共同维护音乐数据的分布式可靠存储,并在联盟链场景下搭建节点进行数据验证,采用以太坊PoA共识机制避免算力挖矿,以减少全网节点共识时间,通过设计智能合约实现了安全、透明的音乐数据存储和共享.对区块链交易处理效率进行实验测试,结果表明,当出块时间为100 s时,系统吞吐量为311笔/s,具有较高的运行效率.     

基于有向无环图的高效并行区块链

区块链系统的性能制约了它的推广应用,主要表现为交易吞吐量低、交易确认时间长和算力浪费等.针对这些问题,提出一种基于有向无环图（DAG）的区块链及其共识协议,提供区块链的并行工作模式.通过3个指针提供DAG区块的连通性;根据工作量证明（PoW）机制,将较难的区块组成一条谜题链,保证区块的有序性和系统的安全性;按照最长链原则和最难链原则,制定谜题链的共识协议.本方案充分利用了网络节点的计算资源,提高了区块链系统性能,减小了计算冗余度,节省了算力.     

一种面向区块链的优化PBFT共识算法

区块链技术具有去中心化,数据不可篡改和数据透明等特点,使得该技术的应用领域不断扩展,但目前应用于区块链系统的共识算法存在着资源浪费和共识效率较低等问题,限制了区块链技术的发展.针对此问题,基于实用拜占庭容错算法(Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance,PBFT),算法的基本思想,提出了一种优化的共识算法.该算法引入积分机制,根据节点积分挑选参与共识的节点,以降低网络中的通信开销;在不存在拜占庭节点的情况下,优化PBFT算法的一致性协议;引入升降级机制,动态更新参与共识的节点集合,以保证算法在大部分时间内都执行优化一致性协议.实验结果表明:与PBFT算法相比,本文提出的共识算法将共识过程的时间复杂度从O(N~2)下降到O(N),有效降低了网络中的通信开销,平均时延从55ms降到37ms,平均吞吐量从342TPS提升到677TPS.     

基于有向无环图的高效区块链共识算法

针对传统区块链共识算法存在效率低和大量资源浪费的问题, 提出一种使用基于ID分类的有向无环图数据结构取代传统区块链链式数据结构的算法, 解决了 传统区块链项目无法在短时间内确认大量交易的问题. 该算法使用基于ID分类的有向无环图数据结构能更简单地达成共识, 适用于多用户在同一时间进行交易确认. 该共识算法与传统区块链项目相比能在更短的时间内确认交易, 从而可节省大量的硬件资源, 且提升区块链对交易的处理效率.     

基于有向无环图的高效区块链共识算法

针对传统区块链共识算法存在效率低和大量资源浪费的问题, 提出一种使用基于ID分类的有向无环图数据结构取代传统区块链链式数据结构的算法, 解决了 传统区块链项目无法在短时间内确认大量交易的问题. 该算法使用基于ID分类的有向无环图数据结构能更简单地达成共识, 适用于多用户在同一时间进行交易确认. 该共识算法与传统区块链项目相比能在更短的时间内确认交易, 从而可节省大量的硬件资源, 且提升区块链对交易的处理效率.     

基于模型准确率的链上去中心化联邦学习模型

现有的联邦学习存在恶意中央服务器和恶意参与者发布虚假数据毒害模型等问题。针对此情况,该文提出了一种去中心化的联邦学习模型,该模型将聚合工作由中央服务器移至参与者本地,各个参与者依据聚合算法将训练之后的模型参数写入交易,生成区块发布到区块链网络中。采用一种基于模型准确率的Byzantine容错共识算法构建共识小组,通过建立节点信息表实现节点动态加入。对所提的链上去中心化联邦学习模型的吞吐量、时延等性能进行了相关测试,结果表明：在相同条件下,基于模型准确率的高性能Byzantine容错共识算法相较于传统的Byzantine容错共识算法,吞吐量提升60%,系统平均时延从6 s减少到1 s。     

基于信任评估模型的PBFT共识算法

实用拜占庭容错(Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance,PBFT)共识算法是确保区块链等分布式系统达成一致性的重要算法，但其仍难以应用到节点数量规模较大的网络环境，且共识过程中主节点的错误选取会导致系统通信资源的浪费。针对以上问题，文章提出基于信任评估模型的PBFT共识算法(Trust-based Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance,T-PBFT)，首先采用聚类的方法对系统中的共识节点进行分组共识，降低通信复杂度；然后根据网络中节点历史行为进行信任度评估，选取可靠的节点作为共识小组中的主节点；组内实现共识后，再进行组间共识，确保系统中共识节点存储的数据信息达成一致。所提出的改进算法能够更好地应用于大规模区块链网络系统，并能够选择更可靠的主节点。通过仿真实验和分析得出，改进算法通信复杂度小于原算法的O(N²)，系统的吞吐量与原算法相比最高增加了17%，共识时间节省了25%。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.