生态位构建通过修复破坏生境对集合种群动态的影响

基于具有生境破碎作用下的集合种群模型，建立了存均匀场假设下的微分方程模型，充分探讨了具有生态位构建效应的有机体活动对破碎斑块修复产生的生态结果．通过稳定性分析与元胞自动机方法模拟表明：集合种群的续存条件不仪依赖于侵占力与灭绝率之间的平衡，而且也包括集合种群的生态位构建能力与生境自然消耗率之间的平衡；当灭绝率大于侵占率时，集合种群也可以在低水平上续存，并且在该过程中集合种群依赖于两个阈值条件，分别是生态位构建能力和集合种群的初始状态．集合种群的大小与其生态位构建能力成正比，即构建能力强者，集合种群数量相应增加．因此，对环境具有较强的正效应的有机体或种群在维护牛境的有效性中起重要作用．     

高技术产业演化的生态组织形式及策略选择

根据高技术产业生态位的基本特征指标,分析高技术产业群生态位结构动态演替过程,以生态位宽度为基础深入研究高技术产业与环境资源要素之间互动所形成的生态组织形式。依据生态位的三个描述截面：幅度、纹路、变化性研究高技术产业需求生命周期各阶段所具有的环境变异特性。研究认为：高技术产业生命周期的不同阶段由于市场规模的差异．导致环境所能够提供的资源规模不同,环境所能容纳的产业群密度以及所拥有的生存空间不同;资源丰富程度的差异造成适合环境特性的生命繁衍方式也有所不同。高技术产业在发展过程中应当立足自身实力和优势,分析环境的特点以及产业与环境的协调关系．利用产业的能动性．依据行业发展态势和经济发展态势,构建适合自身的生态位,选择适当的生态策略。     

山西北部沙棘群落优势种群生态位研究

采用Shannon-W iener指数和Petra itis方法研究了山西北部沙棘群落25个优势种群的生态位宽度和生态位重叠.认为生态位最宽的是沙棘和铁杆蒿(分别为3.4607和3.2480),对环境具有广泛的适应性;生态位最窄的是胡枝子和美蔷薇(分别为0.1536和0.2134),对资源的利用有较强的选择性.沙棘和铁杆蒿之间重叠值最大(SO=0.818),沙棘和铁杆蒿在其它种群上的特定重叠远远小于其它种群在沙棘和铁杆蒿上的特定重叠.生态位特定重叠的大小与种群在群落中所占据的地位、生态学特性、种群分布情况都密切相关.25个优势种群之间不存在完全普遍重叠,主要是由于它们的生态学特性以及对环境的适应能力不同所致.     

生态适应与生存策略分析

从生物适应入手，以生态适应为视角，讨论生物的适应意义及生存策略的选择.生态适应总是指对某组环境条件的适应组合，即生物个体在与已变化的环境因子相互作用情况下获得的对该物种的有益结果.如果物种对其环境适应得好，它就能在该环境中生存，而且能有效繁殖；就进化而言，繁殖上的成功才是衡量生物适应好坏的主要标准.生物对环境的适应并非完美无缺，存在适应代价；由于物理环境和生物环境从来就是变化不定的，所以适应也不断地受制于自然选择的精细调节.在自然界，生物的适应变化主要为量变；在改变的环境条件下，往往表现为生理学过程的强度和速度及个体形态学数量、性状方面的指标发生变化.对外部环境的适应是物种内部变异的基础，在新的环境因子参与新陈代谢和环境因子半致死的选择条件下，生物适应的量变才能发展为质变，才能改变物种的属性并产生在性质上完全不同的新适应.生物进化必然沿着生态适应的线索前进；生物的适应意义就是最大限度地有利于生物的生存和繁殖.     

黑龙江农业区生态体育可持续发展研究

为掌握黑龙江省城市、农村、城乡结合部生态体育发展的基本情况,营造健康、文明、舒适的生态体育系统,构建生态指标体系,促使体育、人、农业、环境、社会、经济和谐统一的可持续发展.采用实地调查法、比较归纳法对目前黑龙江城市与农村体育生态状况、存在问题、生态指标进行了详细研究.结果表明:(1)可以开发的生态体育资源比较丰富,但开发意识淡薄,同时也缺乏生态保护意识;(2)生态体育发展前景不容乐观,各级各地政府机关对体育生态的研究不够深入具体,体育生态文明的和谐发展没有引起足够重视;(3)农村人文素质的制约、城市环境的恶意破坏、人口生态保护意识的缺失、生态体育资源的流失将成为生态体育发展的主要制约因素,必须加以克服才能够推动生态体育的可持续发展;(4)利用各种有利条件,通过构建生态体育指标体系、营造学校生态体育课堂、推动少数民族生态体育良性发展、发展农村生态体育等几个方面维护地区的生态体育可持续发展;(5)维护生态体育的可持续发展是现代生态城市建设的重要组成部分.     

城市生态安全评价指标体系与评价方法研究

从城市生态安全的内涵出发,根据压力(pressure)-状态(state)-响应(response)模型,从资源环境压力、资源环境状况、人文环境响应3个方面构建了一个4层次的城市生态安全评价指标体系.在此基础上建立了一个综合评价模型,并以此对北京、上海、广州、深圳、大连、天津、南京7大城市进行了分析.评价结果与实际情况基本相符,说明本研究所建立的城市生态安全的评价指标体系和评价方法是可行的.     

关中地区城市生态位研究

目的探索区域内城市间的竞争程度及变化情况。方法运用生态学中生态位及生态位重叠模型计算城市生态位宽度和重叠度。结果以关中地区为研究范围,根据2004年39个工业行业产值数据,计算出关中地区4城市生态位宽度和生态位重叠度。结论 (1)关中地区4个城市生态位宽度形成3个类别,分别为西安、宝鸡、咸阳、铜川,其中,西安市生态位宽度最大,所占据的资源空间最多,其余两种类型生态位宽度逐渐减小,所占据的资源空间逐渐减少;(2)关中地区4个城市生态竞争缓和,竞争中形成西安市处于优势地位,宝鸡、咸阳次之,铜川位居最后;(3)西安和咸阳、西安和宝鸡、咸阳和铜川城市生态位重叠值较高,互为可能的竞争对手。     

职业教育生态位构建与产业空间选择

职业教育生态位构建是主体通过改变自身生存策略,来完成对所在区位空间中有关的物质流和知识流的控制,是主体空间选择过程中的一种应激型进化方式和反馈作用。它从根本上打破了体系原有的平衡,为职业教育主体发展提供了动力。研究发现,生态位构建增强了职业教育空间选择效应,使职业教育分化为适应型、发展型和政策导向型三类。产业空间选择通过生态位构建作用为职业教育提供了不同的发展路径。     

理查德·诺加德协同进化的生态经济及生态文明思想研究

理查德·诺加德是生态经济创始人,他勾勒了一个生态经济的协同进化研究机制。为认识论层次的协同发展提供了一个跨越环境和社会维度的有力逻辑,并形成一个社会生态系统的跨学科研究方法。他确定生态经济协同研究涌现的四个相一致的论题,这涉及:环境退化和周边地区的开发失败;不可持续的生产-消费模式的套牢;人类努力控制不良微生物和这些生物进化之间的恶性循环;利他合作行为和机制的适应性优势。诺加德还设想了一个有关由中国开始的"生态文明"的协同进化解释,诺加德的研究对于我国当前生态文明建设具有重要的方法论启示。     

凤阳山常绿阔叶林乔木层优势种群生态位分析

基于对凤阳山自然保护区常绿阔叶林的样地调查,采用定量分析的方法,测算了10种乔木层优势种群的生态位宽度、生态位相似性和生态位重叠。结果表明：(1)分别用Levins和Shannon Wiener两指数测得的生态位宽度结果存在较大的差异性,但两种结果均表明木荷的生态位宽度值最大,其生态位宽度值B(L)i和B(sw)i分别为0.771、1.325。(2)该群落优势种群间的生态位相似性比例较大,表明优势种群之间对资源的利用有较高的相似程度。生态位相似性比例与生态位宽度之间无明显的相关关系。(3)该群落优势种群间的生态位重叠值较大,且Lih值与Lhi值基本一致,说明优势种群间有相似的生态学特性。另外,生态位相似比例大的生态位重叠值也较大,反之亦然。     

Niche lability in the evolution of a Caribbean lizard community

Niche conservatism--the tendency for closely related species to be ecologically similar--is widespread. However, most studies compare closely related taxa that occur in allopatry; in sympatry, the stabilizing forces that promote niche conservatism, and thus inhibit niche shifts, may be countered by natural selection favouring ecological divergence to minimize the intensity of interspecific interactions. Consequently, the relative importance of niche conservatism versus niche divergence in determining community structure has received little attention. Here, we examine a tropical lizard community in which species have a long evolutionary history of ecological interaction. We find that evolutionary divergence overcomes niche conservatism: closely related species are no more ecologically similar than expected by random divergence and some distantly related species are ecologically similar, leading to a community in which the relationship between ecological similarity and phylogenetic relatedness is very weak. Despite this lack of niche conservatism, the ecological structuring of the community has a phylogenetic component: niche complementarity only occurs among distantly related species, which suggests that the strength of ecological interactions among species may be related to phylogeny, but it is not necessarily the most closely related species that interact most strongly.     

Predator-induced behaviour shifts and natural selection in field-experimental lizard populations

The role of behaviour in evolutionary change has long been debated. On the one hand, behavioural changes may expose individuals to new selective pressures by altering the way that organisms interact with the environment, thus driving evolutionary divergence. Alternatively, behaviour can act to retard evolutionary change: by altering behavioural patterns in the face of new environmental conditions, organisms can minimize exposure to new selective pressures. This constraining influence of behaviour has been put forward as an explanation for evolutionary stasis within lineages and niche conservatism within clades. Nonetheless, the hypothesis that behavioural change prevents natural selection from operating in new environments has never been experimentally tested. We conducted a controlled and replicated experimental study of selection in entirely natural populations; we demonstrate that lizards alter their habitat use in the presence of an introduced predator, but that these behavioural shifts do not prevent patterns of natural selection from changing in experimental populations.     

Genetic mechanisms and evolutionary significance of natural variation in Arabidopsis

Genomic studies of natural variation in model organisms provide a bridge between molecular analyses of gene function and evolutionary investigations of adaptation and natural selection. In the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana, recent studies of natural variation have led to the identification of genes underlying ecologically important complex traits, and provided new insights about the processes of genome evolution, geographic population structure, and the selective mechanisms shaping complex trait variation in natural populations. These advances illustrate the potential for a new synthesis to elucidate mechanisms for the adaptive evolution of complex traits from nucleotide sequences to real-world environments.     

Intraspecific competition favours niche width expansion in Drosophila melanogaster

Ecologists have proposed that when interspecific competition is reduced, competition within a species becomes a potent evolutionary force leading to rapid diversification. This view reflects the observation that populations invading species-poor communities frequently evolve broader niches. Niche expansion can be associated with an increase in phenotypic variance (known as character release), with the evolution of polymorphisms, or with divergence into many species using distinct resources (adaptive radiation). The relationship between intraspecific competition and diversification is known from theory, and has been used as the foundation for some models of speciation. However, there has been little empirical proof that niches evolve in response to intraspecific competition. To test this hypothesis, I introduced cadmium-intolerant Drosophila melanogaster populations to environments containing both cadmium-free and cadmium-laced resources. Here I show that populations experiencing high competition adapted to cadmium more rapidly than low competition populations. This provides experimental confirmation that competition in a population can drive niche expansion onto new resources for which competition is less severe.     

Multiple routes to mammalian diversity

The radiation of the mammals provides a 165-million-year test case for evolutionary theories of how species occupy and then fill ecological niches. It is widely assumed that species often diverge rapidly early in their evolution, and that this is followed by a longer, drawn-out period of slower evolutionary fine-tuning as natural selection fits organisms into an increasingly occupied niche space. But recent studies have hinted that the process may not be so simple. Here we apply statistical methods that automatically detect temporal shifts in the rate of evolution through time to a comprehensive mammalian phylogeny and data set of body sizes of 3,185 extant species. Unexpectedly, the majority of mammal species, including two of the most speciose orders (Rodentia and Chiroptera), have no history of substantial and sustained increases in the rates of evolution. Instead, a subset of the mammals has experienced an explosive increase (between 10- and 52-fold) in the rate of evolution along the single branch leading to the common ancestor of their monophyletic group (for example Chiroptera), followed by a quick return to lower or background levels. The remaining species are a taxonomically diverse assemblage showing a significant, sustained increase or decrease in their rates of evolution. These results necessarily decouple morphological diversification from speciation and suggest that the processes that give rise to the morphological diversity of a class of animals are far more free to vary than previously considered. Niches do not seem to fill up, and diversity seems to arise whenever, wherever and at whatever rate it is advantageous.     

Ecological constraints on diversification in a model adaptive radiation

Taxonomic diversification commonly occurs through adaptive radiation, the rapid evolution of a single lineage into a range of genotypes or species each adapted to a different ecological niche. Radiation size (measured as the number of new types) varies widely between phylogenetically distinct taxa and between replicate radiations within a single taxon where the ecological opportunities available seem to be identical. Here we show how variation in energy input (productivity) and environmental disturbance combine to determine the extent of diversification in a single radiating lineage of Pseudomonas fluorescens adapting to laboratory conditions. Diversity peaked at intermediate rates of both productivity and disturbance and declined towards the extremes in a manner reminiscent of well-known ecological patterns. The mechanism responsible for the decrease in diversity arises from pleiotropic fitness costs associated with niche specialization, the effects of which are modulated by gradients of productivity and disturbance. Our results indicate that ecological gradients may constrain the size of adaptive radiations, even in the presence of the strong diversifying selection associated with ecological opportunity, by decoupling evolutionary diversification from ecological coexistence.     

利他与合作:生物有机体的生存策略和进化路径

利他与合作是生物有机界普遍存在的现象．进一步研究表明,这类现象与经典的自然选择学说并不相悖,而是对其的进一步发展．利他与合作不过是生物有机体另一种不同的生存策略;利他与合作的进化也只是生物有机体为适应环境而形成的另一条不同的进化路径．     

生命进化的优化选择机制

目的 提出并论证生命进化的优化选择机制。方法以达尔文的自然选择学说为基础，吸收非达尔文主义及广义进化综合理论的思想，提出了生命进化的优化选择机制。结果生物系统的混沌性为优化选择创造了条件，适应性为优化选择确定了方向。在适应环境中，满足阈值共振的基因组中的基因处于活动状态，不满足阈值共振的基因组中的基因处于“沉默”状态，闽值共振可使活动基因和“沉默”基因相互转化。适应是生物与环境之间建立的一种动态和谐机制。优化选择是生物与环境相互作用的结果。结论生命进化的机制是优化选择。在不同尺度上，优化选择的模式不同；生命的进化，是不同尺度上优化选择的综合结果。     

南亚热带4个苗木的生态位

在模糊超体积生态位理论的基础上，研究了南亚热带4个不同演替阶段树种苗木的生态位，探索森林群落演替的规律．以所测定的净光合作用强度值为指标，度量包括pH值、矿物质营养浓度、土壤含水量三个生态因子的三维生态位．结果表明：生态位宽度的大小次序为马尾松（0．4056），荷木（0．3614），藜蒴（0．3108）和黄果厚壳桂（0．3068），正好对应演替不同阶段的优势种；生态位重叠最小值为0．6827，表示总体上物种对资源的竞争较激烈；种间竞争系数介于0．6359和0．7357之间，表示物种问有回避竞争的趋势，这往往有助于物种共存；利用Cody和May的原则会带来生态位重叠的偏差最大为0．1262，最小为0．0361，因此应该避免使用Cody和May的原则．     

Incipient speciation by divergent adaptation and antagonistic epistasis in yeast

Establishing the conditions that promote the evolution of reproductive isolation and speciation has long been a goal in evolutionary biology. In ecological speciation, reproductive isolation between populations evolves as a by-product of divergent selection and the resulting environment-specific adaptations. The leading genetic model of reproductive isolation predicts that hybrid inferiority is caused by antagonistic epistasis between incompatible alleles at interacting loci. The fundamental link between divergent adaptation and reproductive isolation through genetic incompatibilities has been predicted, but has not been directly demonstrated experimentally. Here we empirically tested key predictions of speciation theory by evolving the initial stages of speciation in experimental populations of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. After replicate populations adapted to two divergent environments, we consistently observed the evolution of two forms of postzygotic isolation in hybrids: reduced rate of mitotic reproduction and reduced efficiency of meiotic reproduction. This divergent selection resulted in greater reproductive isolation than parallel selection, as predicted by the ecological speciation theory. Our experimental system allowed controlled comparison of the relative importance of ecological and genetic isolation, and we demonstrated that hybrid inferiority can be ecological and/or genetic in basis. Overall, our results show that adaptation to divergent environments promotes the evolution of reproductive isolation through antagonistic epistasis, providing evidence of a plausible common avenue to speciation and adaptive radiation in nature.