1-烷氧基-3-芳氧基-2-丙醇和1,3-二芳氧基-2-丙醇的合成

以 3 芳氧基 1,2 环氧丙烷与伯醇、仲醇及酚为原料 ,通过碱催化开环反应 ,区域选择性地合成 1 烷氧基 3 芳氧基 2 丙醇以及 1,3 二芳氧基 2 丙醇化合物 ,收率为 790 %～ 98% .     

2-乙氧羰基-3-甲基-4,5-四亚甲基吡咯的合成

以乙酰乙酸乙酯(1)为原料,以醋酸为反应介质,通过与亚硝酸钠的肟化反应得到化合物N-羟基亚胺乙酰乙酸乙酯(2),化合物2在缓冲的乙酸溶液中通过锌粉还原、与环己酮(3)加成环化反应生成化合物2-乙氧羰基-3-甲基-4,5-四亚甲基吡咯(4),反应的总收率为38.95%.而采用"一锅煮"合成方法制备化合物4可使反应的总收率达到49.76%.考察了在该反应体系的pH值为3.8～4.0时,其他一些反应条件对目标化合物4合成收率的影响,确定了最佳的反应条件为:锌粉与反应物1的摩尔比为2.9:1,反应温度为95～100 ℃.所合成的化合物的结构用元素分析、IR、1H NMR等测试手段进行了表征.     

一锅法合成4′-羟基-2,2′：6′,2″-三联吡啶

在无水乙醇中,以乙醇钠为碱、2-乙酰吡啶与碳酸二甲酯为原料合成1,3,5-三酮中间体,不经纯化,继续与氨水发生关环反应,一锅法合成了4′-羟基-2,2′：6′,2″-三联吡啶,收率50%.此方法文献少见报道,合成步骤简单,产品易于纯化,收率较高.对反应收率受反应溶剂、碱性条件、反应温度、反应时间的影响进行了讨论.     

3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵的合成工艺

以环氧氯丙烷、三甲胺、浓盐酸为原料 ,合成了 3 氯 2 羟丙基三甲基氯化铵。研究结果表明 ,最佳合成工艺条件 :环氧氯丙烷与三甲胺盐酸盐的量之比为 0 .95∶1,反应 pH起始值为 7.5～ 8.0 ,反应温度采用分段 (10 ,35℃ )控制。使用合适的催化剂 ,反应收率可达 96 %以上。对三甲基氯化铵溶液中的微量有机杂质环氧氯丙烷和 1,3 二氯丙醇进行了分析 ,并采用连续水汽精馏对产品进行了纯化处理。纯化后的产品中 ,三甲基氯化铵的质量分数为6 9% ,环氧氯丙烷的质量分数小于 0 .0 0 0 5 % ,1,3 二氯丙醇的质量分数小于 0 .0 0 15 %。     

3’-(4-溴萘-1-基)[1,1’-联苯基]-4-腈的合成及性能

以4-溴苯腈为起始原料经过Suzuki偶联反应、Miyanra硼化反应等合成了3’-(4-溴萘-1-基)[1,1’-联苯基]-4-腈(Ⅲ),利用~1 H NMR、~(13) C NMR对其结构进行了表征.考察了反应温度、膦配体及碱等因素对3-溴-4’-腈基联苯(Ⅰ)收率的影响.结果表明,55℃为最佳反应温度、Pd_2(dba)_3作为催化剂、三(对甲苯基)膦为配体,化合物Ⅰ收率最高,达到92.3%.通过TG、荧光发射光谱研究了化合物Ⅲ的发光效率和稳定性.化合物Ⅲ具有很好的热稳定性,失重5%的温度为321.5℃.     

3-(4-苯基-1,3-二硫戊环-2-亚甲基)-2,4-戊二酮的合成及其与芳醛的缩合反应

以碳酸钾为碱,N,以N-二甲基甲酰胺为溶剂,乙酰丙酮与二硫化碳及1,2-二溴苯乙烷反应,以中等产率（47%）合成了3-(4-苯基-1,3-二硫戊环-2-亚甲基)-2,4-戊二酮2.碱性条件下,化合物2比较稳定,通过对碱的选择和芳醛量的控制,化合物2与芳醛缩合可分别以较高的产率合成单面和双面缩合产物1d和1e.     

2-氨基-4,5-二甲基苯甲酸的合成

以3,4-二甲基苯胺为原料,经与水合氯醛、盐酸羟胺缩合,浓H2SO4作用下环合,碱性双氧水条件下进一步氧化开环合成2-氨基-4,5-二甲基苯甲酸,三步反应的总收率为34.3%.产物结构经傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、核磁共振氢谱(1 H NMR)表征,证明了结构的正确性.     

N,N-二甲氨基-1,3-二氯丙烷的合成

本文报导了用1,2,3-三氯丙烷与二甲胺为原料,在40℃、有相转移催化剂和碱存在下,合成N,N-二甲氨基-1,3-二氯丙烷新方法。反应4小时完成,其产率为15～20%。此外,还讨论了相转移倦化剂在N-烷基化和消除反应中的作用。     

2-氯-5-三氟甲基苯胺及其Schiff碱的合成与表征

以对氯三氟甲苯为原料,经硝化反应和金属还原,合成了2-氯-5-三氟甲基苯胺;再将2-氯-5-三氟甲基苯胺与不同的芳香醛反应,合成了2-氯-5-三氟甲基苯胺Schiff碱,产率达到68%~85%,对合成Schiff碱的结构进行了红外光谱、紫外光谱、核磁共振、质谱表征.     

2-氨基-4-苄氧基-5-甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯的合成工艺

2-氨基-4-苄氧基-5-甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯是重要的有机合成中间体,在医药方面具有重要的应用价值.对其合成路线进行了优化:以香草酸甲酯为原料,经过羟基苄基化、硝化反应和选择性硝基还原合成2-氨基-4-苄氧基-5-甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯.各步反应的最佳条件(反应试剂、反应温度、反应时间、摩尔收率)分别为:羟基苄基化:丙酮,回流,3 h,93.77%;硝化:乙酸酐,0～5℃,2 h,94.40%;硝基还原:甲苯,回流,4 h,93.12%.优化后各步反应副反应少,产品纯度高,收率高,总收率达82.42%;工艺简洁,适合工业化生产.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the