Fe-C-Cr-Mn系亚稳奥氏体基铸造合金的耐磨性研究

采用ＭＭ２００磨损试验机、Ｘ射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、透射电子显微镜等研究了Ｆｅ－Ｃ－Ｃｒ－Ｍｎ等亚稳奥氏体基铸造合金的耐磨性、结果表明：在摩擦损过程中,表层亚稳奥氏体应力诱发大量的位错,层错和α马氏体相变,并且它们与奥氏体组织有很好的强韧性匹配。从亚表层到磨损表面方向的硬度逐渐增加,具有梯度分布特征,使材料耐磨性大大提高,优越于２５Ｃ马氏体基白口铸铁。     

形变温度对高锰TRIP/TWIP钢拉伸性能和组织的影响

研究合金成分为18Mn-0.15C-3Si-3Al的高锰TRIP/TWIP钢(18Mn钢)在-40～200℃范围内的拉伸变形行为,分析形变温度对其拉伸性能、相组成和显微组织的影响.采用EBSD取向成像分析方法着重研究了(111)取向的奥氏体晶粒在拉伸过程中的相组成变化.结果表明,随着形变温度的升高,18Mn钢的抗拉强度和延伸率大体上呈降低趋势,TRIP效应很快消失,形变孪晶和位错滑移取代马氏体相变成为主要的形变机制,即奥氏体晶粒内形变机制的变化为:α＇-M相变→ε-M相变→形变孪晶→位错滑移.18Mn钢中较硬的铁素体在形变过程中能提高材料的加工硬化率,但同时也会引起低温脆性.     

不同温度变形量对AISI310S不锈钢组织和性能的影响

借助X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、硬度测试及微拉伸试验等方法,分析了AISI310S奥氏体不锈钢在不同温度大变形后的组织和性能。分析结果表明:在不同温度大变形后,奥氏体不锈钢组织在不同变形量下均未发生应变诱发马氏体相变。在变形量较小的情况下,微观组织以高密度位错和位错缠结为主;随着变形量的增大,微观组织以形变孪晶为主;当变形量增大至90%以后,奥氏体不锈钢晶粒尺寸细化至纳米量级,深冷轧制晶粒细化程度显著高于室温冷轧。深冷轧制态的屈服强度、拉抗强度和硬度也均高于室温冷轧态。随着变形量的增大,延伸率明显下降,拉伸断口形貌均从韧性断裂向准解理断裂转变。     

中碳铁基合金中马氏体的特征

应用电子及光学显微术对45钢及55钢中的马氏体形态、亚结构等特征进行了研究。结果表明,中碳铁基合金中马氏体的形貌是以板条状为主的混合马氏体形态,其典型的马氏体惯析面为{225}_y,随着奥氏体中碳浓度微区的波动,亦可发现{111}_y马氏体。{225}_y马氏体中的亚结构随马氏体的碳含量高低而变,有的以位错为主,有的则以孪晶为主。作者认为这种{225}_y马氏体是一种形态介于板条状和片状马氏体之间的一种特殊过渡形态马氏体。     

硅锰稀土铸钢在不同热处理状态下的马氏体形态及亚结构

本文根据透射电子显微镜的观察结果,研究了硅锰稀土铸钢在不同热处理状态条件下所出现的马氏体形态及亚结构.着重分析了影响形成孪晶马氏体和板条马氏体的因素,以及1050℃高温奥氏体化淬火样品回火过程中马氏体组织转变及其对性能的影响.     

脉冲能量对激光冲击0Cr18Ni9奥氏体不锈钢组织与性能的影响

使用高功率激光器在水约束条件下对0Cr18Ni9奥氏体不锈钢进行了冲击试验,通过研究冲击加载下奥氏体的组织与性能变化特征,得出了下述主要结果:0Cr18Ni9奥氏体不锈钢在室温条件下通过不同激光功率的冲击,出现加工硬化现象,且功率越高,变形量越大,加工硬化也越明显.15 J能量和25 J能量冲击时,材料的微观组织以孪晶为主;42 J 能量冲击时,奥氏体出现相变特征,发生类马氏体相变.随着冲击功率的提高,孪晶逐渐细化,并在42 J能量下出现明显的孪晶与位错的交互作用,孪晶界上有大量的位错团塞积.     

汽车用高强度Q&P钢的组织与力学性能

研究了0.21C--1.43Si--1.35Mn钢在两相区及完全奥氏体区采用QP(Quenching and Partitioning)工艺加热后的微观组织与力学性能.结果表明:两相区加热可获得马氏体、残余奥氏体和铁素体组织,钢的抗拉强度为1 013 MPa,延伸率为25%,强塑积为25 655 MPa.%;完全奥氏体区加热可获得马氏体和残余奥氏体组织,钢的抗拉强度为1 257 MPa,延伸率为17%,强塑积为21 454 MPa.%;QP钢中的马氏体主要为板条状,伴有大量位错,并且发现有少量孪晶马氏体,分析认为由配分过程后的淬火过程转变而来;通过QP工艺可得到体积分数高达10.67%的残余奥氏体,分布在板条马氏体间,呈薄膜状.     

退火时间对中锰热轧TRIP钢组织演变的影响

为了研究热轧Fe-6Mn-3Al TRIP钢组织演变和力学性能,对实验钢采用淬火+不同时间退火(ART)的热处理工艺.研究发现,随着退火时间的增加,奥氏体晶粒尺寸增大、稳定性降低,冷却过程中部分奥氏体相变为马氏体;其中退火10 min后,实验钢性能最优,其残余奥氏体体积分数能达到50.3%,抗拉强度765 M Pa,总延伸率达到49.1%;拉断后实验钢中的奥氏体含量减少,马氏体含量增加,其中,退火10 min后的实验钢TRIP效应最为明显,奥氏体体积分数由变形前的50.3%降低到变形后的11%,奥氏体转化率为78%.     

超高碳钢马氏体相变及超细晶粒对亚结构的影响

为了深入揭示淬火超高碳钢的马氏体亚结构及其产生的原因,通过对含碳量为1 4%(质量分数)的超高碳钢进行超细球化处理,获得了铁素体基体上分布超细碳化物的组织,并在此基础上进行了淬火处理.透射电子显微镜组织观测分析表明:奥氏体晶粒尺寸平均为2μm左右,淬火组织中存在大量板条马氏体,亚结构中含有大量位错与孪晶.通过计算证实,在马氏体亚结构形成过程中,随晶粒尺寸减小,孪晶切应力比滑移切应力升高得快,导致滑移成为变形的主要机制,位错大量增加.     

Fe-20Mn-2.6Al-2.6Si钢拉伸变形机理研究

采用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪和透射电子显微镜研究了Fe-20Mn-2.6Al-2.6Si TRIP/TWIP钢在不同变形量下的微观组织变化.结果表明:在应变初期,主要是形成层错和位错;随应变的增大,γ奥氏体相逐渐减少,ε马氏体相和α马氏体相增多;在断裂阶段,主要组成相为α马氏体,即Fe-20Mn-2.6Al-2.6Si钢在拉伸变形过程中主要发生γ→ε→α或γ→α相变诱导塑性变形.金相组织表明:该钢变形量达到6.5%时,开始出现许多平直的条纹(通常称为形变孪晶);但高分辨透射电镜研究表明:不同程度变形后的微观组织都难以观察到形变孪晶,而那些金相组织和低倍透射电镜照片上的平直条纹往往是ε马氏体相,这进一步证实该钢的变形机制主要是TRIP效应.     

Ge含量对Fe—24%Mn合金γ→ε马氏体转变的影响

通过X射线衍射（XRD）、拉伸性能的测定,分析了Ge对Fe-24%Mn形状记忆合金γ相点阵参数和马氏体转变的影响。发现随着Ge含量的上升,Fe-24%Mn合金γ相点阵参数增大,Fe-24%Mn合金的γ→ε马氏体相变有明显抑制作用,γ奥氏体相趋于稳定,合金的拉抻强度和屈服强度逐步降低,塑性上升。尽管Ge与Si具有相同的外层电子结构,且原子半径都比Fe小,但两者对奥氏体的点阵参数影响完全相反,Si降低γ相点阵参数能促进γ→ε马氏体相变,Ge增加γ相的点阵参数却抑制相变。     

Reverse-transformation austenite structure control with micro/nanometer size

To control the reverse-transformation austenite structure through manipulation of the micro/nanometer grain structure, the influences of cold deformation and annealing parameters on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of 316L austenitic stainless steel were investigated. The samples were first cold-rolled, and then samples deformed to different extents were annealed at different temperatures. The microstructure evolutions were analyzed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), magnetic measurements, and X-ray diffraction (XRD); the mechanical properties are also determined by tensile tests. The results showed that the fraction of stain-induced martensite was approximately 72% in the 90% cold-rolled steel. The micro/nanometric microstructure was obtained after reversion annealing at 820-870℃ for 60 s. Nearly 100% reversed austenite was obtained in samples annealed at 850℃, where grains with a diameter ≤ 500 nm accounted for 30% and those with a diameter >0.5 μm accounted for 70%. The micro/nanometer-grain steel exhibited not only a high strength level (approximately 959 MPa) but also a desirable elongation of approximately 45%.     

Effect of Si on austenite stabilization,martensite morphology,and magnetic properties in Fe-26%Ni-x%Si alloys

The effect of Si on the austenite stabilization, martensite morphology, and magnetic properties in Fe-26%Ni-x%Si (x=3.5, 5, and 6) alloys have been studied by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and M?ssbauer spectroscopy techniques. TEM observations reveal that the martensite morphology is closely dependent on the Si content. The volume fraction changes of martensite and austenite phases, the hyperfine magnetic field, and isomer shift values have been determined by Mssbauer spectroscopy. The M?ssbauer study reveals that the hyperfine magnetic field, the isomer shift values and the volume fraction of martensite decrease with increasing Si content.     

Element distribution and diffusion behavior in Q&P steel during partitioning

Carbon, manganese, and silicon distribution in quenching and partitioning （Q＆P） steel during partitioning process was investigated to reveal the diffusion behavior. The microstructure and chemical composition were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, and three-dimensional atom probe. It is shown that the studied Q＆P steel consisted of martensite laths and thin, film-like retained austenite showing extraordinary phase transformation stability. Carbon atoms mostly diffused to the retained austenite from martensite at a higher partitioning temperature. In the experimental steel partitioned at 400℃ for 10-60 s, carbides or cementite formed through carbon segregation along martensite boundaries or within the martensite matrix. As a result of carbon atom diffusion from martensite to austenite, the carbon content in martensite could be ignored. When the partitioning process completed, the constrained carbon equilibrium （CCE） could be simplified. Results calculated by the simplified CCE model were similar to those of CCE, and the difference between the two optimum quenching temperatures, where the maximum volume fraction of the retained austenite can be obtained by the Q＆P process, was little.     

Mössbauer and electron microscopy study of martensitic transformations in an Fe-Mn-Mo alloy

The kinetic, morphological, crystallographic, and magnetic characteristics of thermally induced martensites in Fe-13.4wt% Mn-5.2wt% Mo alloy were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The experimental results reveal that two types of thermal-induced martensites, ? (hcp) and α′ (bcc) martensites, are formed in the as-quenched condition, and these transformations have athermal characters. Mo addition to the Fe-Mn alloy does not change the coexistence of ? and α′ martensites with the Mn content between 10wt% and 15wt%. Besides, Mössbauer spectra reveal a paramagnetic character with a singlet for the γ (fcc) austenite and ? martensite phases and a ferromagnetic character with a broad sextet for the α′ martensite phase. The volume fraction of α′ martensite forming in the quenched alloy is much more than that of the ? martensite.     

Effect of Si on austenite stabilization,martensite morphology,and magnetic properties in Fe-26%Ni-<Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis>%Si alloys

The effect of Si on the austenite stabilization, martensite morphology, and magnetic properties in Fe-26%Ni-x%Si (x=3.5, 5, and 6) alloys have been studied by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Mössbauer spectroscopy techniques. TEM observations reveal that the martensite morphology is closely dependent on the Si content. The volume fraction changes of martensite and austenite phases, the hyperfine magnetic field, and isomer shift values have been determined by Mössbauer spectroscopy. The Mössbauer study reveals that the hyperfine magnetic field, the isomer shift values and the volume fraction of martensite decrease with increasing Si content.     

调质低碳贝氏体钢的组织和性能

研究了C--Mn--Mo--Cu--Nb--Ti--B系低碳微合金钢915℃淬火和490～640℃回火的调质工艺对钢的组织及力学性能的影响.用扫描电镜和透射电镜对实验钢的组织、析出物形态和分布以及断口形貌进行观察,采用X射线衍射仪分析钢中残余奥氏体的体积分数.结果表明:调质后,实验钢获得贝氏体、少量马氏体及残余奥氏体复相组织,贝氏体板条宽度只有250 nm,残余奥氏体的体积分数随着回火温度的升高而降低,经淬火与520℃回火后残余奥氏体的体积分数为2.1%.调质后析出物的数量激增,6～15 nm的析出物占70%以上.实验钢经过915℃淬火与520℃回火后,其屈服强度达到915 MPa,抗拉强度990 MPa,-40℃冲击功为95 J.细小的析出物及窄的板条提高了钢的强度.板条间有残余奥氏体存在,改善了实验钢的韧性.     

亚稳奥氏体对高强度海洋工程用钢力学性能的影响

采用力学性能测试、组织观察等方法研究临界退火和不同温度回火对海洋工程用钢显微组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明,实验钢经两相区退火和不同温度回火后,获得了回火马氏体及不同体积分数(0~6%)的残余奥氏体.随实验钢中残余奥氏体体积分数的增加,屈服强度从753MPa降低到506MPa,抗拉强度介于794~843MPa,屈强比从0.9降低到0.6,延伸率从31.3%提高到36.2%.实验钢中残余奥氏体能够提高冲击塑性变形能力并阻碍裂纹扩展,在-80℃冲击功达到236J,然而热稳定性差的残余奥氏体在低温下优先转变成马氏体并降低了低温韧性,冲击功下降到136J.     

Effect of lower bainite/martensite/retained austenite triplex microstructure on the mechanical properties of a low-carbon steel with quenching and partitioning process

We present a study concerning Fe–0.176C–1.31Si–1.58Mn–0.26Al–0.3Cr (wt%) steel subjected to a quenching and partitioning (Q&P) process. The results of scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and tensile tests demonstrate that the microstructures primarily consist of lath martensite, retained austenite, lower bainite (LB), and a small amount of tempered martensite; moreover, few twin austenite grains were observed. In the microstructure, three types of retained austenite with different sizes and morphologies were observed: blocky retained austenite (~300 nm in width), film-like retained austenite (80–120 nm in width), and ultra- fine film-like retained austenite (30–40 nm in width). Because of the effect of the retained austenite/martensite/LB triplex microstructure, the specimens prepared using different quenching temperatures exhibit high ultimate tensile strength and yield strength. Furthermore, the strength effect of LB can partially counteract the decreasing strength effect of martensite. The formation of LB substantially reduces the amount of retained austenite. Analyses of the retained austenite and the amount of blocky retained austenite indicated that the carbon content is critical to the total elongation of Q&P steel.