Q＆A

Q：艾滋病病毒通过性接触、体液和母婴传播,那第一个艾滋病患者是如何感染的？ A：现在比较认可的观点是,人类免疫缺陷病毒HIV（Human Immunodeficiency Virus）起源于感染非洲狒狒（chimpanzee）和黑猩猩（gorillas）的类人猿免疫缺陷病毒SIV（Simian Immunodeficiency Virus）。     

艾滋病的罪魁祸首——HIV病毒

艾滋,是获得性免疫缺陷综合征的英文缩写AIDS（Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome）的音译。引起艾滋病等相关疾病的病毒被称为＂人类免疫缺陷病毒＂,即HIV。它是一种以RNA（核糖核酸）为遗传物质的慢病毒,     

锻造阻击HIV的东方利刃

艾滋病（AIDS），全名“获得性免疫缺陷综合征”，是因为感染HIV（人类免疫缺陷病毒），通过杀死人体内的免疫细胞、降低人体的免疫力，使患者失去防御能力，最终死于机会性感染。从上世纪80年代发现至今，全世界超过3300万人感染HIV。虽然全世界众多医学研究人员付出了巨大的努力，但至今尚未研制出根治艾滋病的特效药物，也没有可用于预防的有效疫苗。     

以肺部表现为主的HIV感染2例

获得性免疫缺陷综合征（acquired immunodenciency syndrome，AIDS）又称艾滋病，是由人类免疫缺陷病毒（human immunodeficiency virus，HIV）感染引起的传染性疾病。自1981年6月美国疾病控制中心首例报道以来，发病呈逐年上升趋势。由于本病传染性强，分布广泛，预后凶险，已成为医学生物学界的重点研究项目之一。     

艾滋病的基本知识

1981年6月5日，在传染病史上美国疾病控制中心首先揭示了由人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）引起的人类免疫缺陷综合症（简称艾滋病AIDS），20多年的时间里，罹患人数之多，造成人类生命与社会经济损害之大，已超过了历史上任何一种传染病，全球几乎没有一个国家和地区幸免，感染，发病与死亡的人数已超过6000万，我国艾滋病感染不断上升，特别是近10年来，辗转传播，波及全国31个省市，疫情不断上升，已进入流行上升期，尤其是影响流行的各种社会经济因素的不断增加如吸毒，卖淫，嫖娼现象的存在，性传统观念的改变，性病人数的不断增加，流动人口剧增，经血传播因素不断上升，艾滋病知识的缺乏等均有利于艾滋病在我国的流行。     

认识艾滋病

艾滋病(AIDS)是一种由艾滋病病毒即人类免疫缺陷病毒侵入人体后破坏人体免疫功能,使人体发生多种不可治愈的感染和肿瘤,最后导致被感染者死亡的一种严重传染病。AIDS是艾滋病的医学全称“获得性免疫缺陷综合症”Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome的英文字头缩写词。     

曲靖市HIV感染情况调查报告

艾滋病是由人类免疫缺陷病毒HIV感染引起的一种后果极为严重的传染病。经血传播是艾滋病病毒传播的主要途径之一 ,曲靖市血站1995年开展抗—HIV检测 ,用人类免疫缺陷病毒HIV(1+2型)酶联免疫抗体诊断试剂盒对9812份标本进行筛选 ,结果报告如下 :1材料与方法1 1筛查对象1995年10月—2002年6月曲靖市血站有偿献血者 ,部份受血者 ,门诊病人 ,1996年—1997年征兵体检者共计9812人次。1 2试剂人类免疫缺陷病毒HIV(1+2型)抗体酶联免疫诊断试剂盒 ,分别由上海科华生物技术公司、厦门新创科技有限公司、洛阳华美生物工程公司提供。1 3仪器澳大利…     

AIDS伴甲状腺功能亢进3例

艾滋病（AIDS）是由人免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）所引起的致命性慢性传染病，主要侵犯和破坏辅助性T细胞（CD4＋T细胞）使机体细胞免疫功能受损，最后并发各种严重的机会性感染和肿瘤，但AIDS伴甲状腺功能亢进（以下减称甲亢）国内报道尚少。我们从2004年11月开始对116例AIDS患者进行HAART治疗以来，共发现3例AIDS伴甲亢患者，现报道如下。     

“厄尔尼诺”又要来了

近10年来，多数科学家认为，黑猩猩与其他一些非人类灵长类动物虽然能被猿免疫缺陷病毒（SIV，与HIV极为相似）感染，但它们不会出现类似艾滋病的严重症状。今年7月23日出版的《自然》杂志刊登的一项研究推翻了这一结论，美国、英国及坦桑尼亚科学家研究发现，黑猩猩也会患上类似艾滋病的疾病。     

2004-2007年塘沽区无偿献血者抗-HIV检测结果分析

采用国产、进口两种试剂，用ELISA方法对天津市塘沽区2004-2007年无偿献血者血液标本进行抗-HIV检测，了解塘沽区无偿献血者人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染情况。证实了目前无偿献血的检测方法敏感度较高，血液质量得到充分保证。     

An HTLV-III peptide produced by recombinant DNA is immunoreactive with sera from patients with AIDS

Human T-cell lymphotropic retrovirus type III (HTLV-III), also called lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV), has been identified as the aetiological agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The sera of most patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complexes, and of asymptomatic individuals infected with HTLV-III, contain antibodies against antigens of HTLV-III. The characterization of these antibodies and their corresponding viral antigens is important not only for understanding immunity against HTLV-III and the pathology of AIDS, but also for the development of diagnostic methods and preventive vaccine for AIDS. Following the successful establishment of a long-term T-cell line permissive for HTLV-III replication, large quantities of virus have been produced, facilitating the purification of viral proteins and the development of mouse monoclonal antibodies against several viral antigens. More recently, the structure of HTLV-III proviral DNA has been elucidated. We now report the production, by genetic engineering methods, of a peptide encoded by a gene segment of HTLV-III. A 1.1-kilobase (kb) EcoRI DNA segment from an isolate of HTLV-III was inserted into a lpp and lac promoter-coupled expression vector, pIN-III-ompA. Escherichia coli transformants of this plasmid produced a peptide of relative molecular mass (Mr) 15,000 (15K) which was strongly immunoreactive with anti-HTLV-III antibodies present in sera from AIDS patients. Lysates of the clones expressing this 15K peptide inhibited the reactivity of the p31 virion protein with AIDS sera, suggesting that it is a fragment of the viral p31 protein. The peptide reacted with sera from all 20 AIDS patients but none of the 8 normal controls tested. These results suggest that the peptide may be useful for detecting anti-HTLV-III antibodies in blood samples.     

High levels of unintegrated HIV-1 DNA in brain tissue of AIDS dementia patients

In the host cell, retroviral DNAs exist in three main forms: unintegrated linear, unintegrated circular, and integrated (the provirus). High levels of unintegrated forms of retroviral DNA often correlate with superinfection and accompanying cytopathic effects, as, for example, in the case of feline acquired immunodeficiency. In culture, HIV-1 infection also results in high levels of unintegrated viral DNA although direct correlations with cytopathicity have not been made. The low frequency of HIV-1-infected cells in patients has made it difficult to determine the structure of the viral DNA in fresh tissue samples from AIDS patients by standard methods such as Southern hybridization. The PCR technique however, which allows the detection of viral DNA at levels far below that possible by other hybridization methods is, in its conventional form, of limited use for quantitative analysis. To study the amount and form of HIV-1 DNA in primary tissue of AIDS patients we have therefore modified the PCR method. Our results indicate that each of the three species of viral DNA are detectable in blood and brain of AIDS patients, and that in autopsy samples from patients with HIV encephalitis there is a considerably higher proportion of unintegrated viral DNA.     

T-cell responses to human AIDS virus in macaques immunized with recombinant vaccinia viruses

There is much interest in developing vaccines against acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by a retrovirus termed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Isolates of this virus include human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III), lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV), and AIDS-associated retrovirus (ARV). Several approaches towards the development of an AIDS vaccine result in the production of antibodies in subprimates. These methods involve the use of: antigens isolated from the AIDS virus; viral antigens expressed by transfected cells or by recombinant vaccinia viruses; and particular synthetic peptides of viral antigens. Because T-cell-mediated immunity (in addition to antibodies) is involved in resistance to diseases and death caused by various enveloped viruses, we sought to determine whether potential AIDS vaccines can induce T-cell responses against the AIDS virus. Here we report that immunization of non-human primates, Macaca fascicularis (macaques), with recombinant vaccinia viruses that express LAV envelope glycoproteins gp41 and gp110 results not only in the production of antibodies against the LAV envelope antigens but also in the generation of T-cells that proliferate and produce the lymphokine interleukin-2 (IL-2), in response to stimulation with purified LAV. We believe this is the first report demonstrating T-cell-mediated immunity to the virus that causes AIDS.     

基于回归分析的HIV/AIDS传播趋势研究

艾滋病由于传染性强，死亡率高，目前又没有好的治疗方法而倍受社会各界的关注．文章根据文中所指城市疾病预防控制中心提供的数据，用非线性回归分析的方法对艾滋病的传播规律进行了分析．     

中国性病艾滋病防治新态势和人类学理论原则之运用

当前中国经性传播的方式传染艾滋病的比率已经超过其他途径。在中国通过性传播的高危人群主要是“小姐(暗娼)”。为此拟将“小姐”群体看作是“做为文化的组织”加以考察,以及从人类学的整体论为出发点,寻找有效的不同的防治与应用办法,重新评估以往的项目内容构成,以及实现跨学科的公共卫生-人类学合作研究,从而改变较为单纯的科学防治与救助的途径。     

艾滋病的抗病毒治疗与我国的免费治疗现状

艾滋病在全球范围内已造成了超过2000万人的死亡，尽管目前还没有可以治愈艾滋病的方法，但高效抗逆转录病毒疗法的出现和广泛使用，已成功地将艾滋病转变为一种可治疗的慢性传染病。我国政府对艾滋病问题高度关注，逐步推进艾滋病的医疗救治工作。在阐述艾滋病治疗的基础上，结合治疗特点重点介绍了我国艾滋病免费治疗的历史回顾、现状进展、问题困难和方向计划。     

Expression of active human clotting factor IX from recombinant DNA clones in mammalian cells

Haemophilia B, or Christmas disease, is an inherited X-chromosome-linked bleeding disorder caused by a defect in clotting factor IX and occurs in about 1 in 30,000 males in the United Kingdom. Injection of factor IX concentrate obtained from blood donors allows most patients to be successfully managed. However, because of impurities in the factor IX concentrate presently in use, this treatment involves some risk of infection by blood-borne viruses such as non-A, non-B hepatitis and the virus causing acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Because of the recent concern about the increasing incidence of AIDS amongst haemophiliacs, a factor IX preparation derived from a source other than blood is desirable. Here, we report that after introduction of human factor IX DNA clones into a rat hepatoma cell line using recombinant DNA methods, we were able to isolate small amounts of biologically active human factor IX.     

少数民族大学生中开展预防艾滋病健康教育模式探索

凉山是中国艾滋病流行的重灾区。艾滋病已经成为影响凉山稳定和社会发展的主要公共卫生问题之一,其迅速蔓延的势头还未得到有效遏制,对凉山的彝族大学生进行相关的预防艾滋病健康教育培训,进一步提高彝族大学生"预防艾滋病"的能力,培养出一批合格的"预防艾滋病"健康教育的以彝族学生为主的宣传队伍,在凉山建立起高等院校"预防艾滋病"健康教育的长效机制,积极推动四川省民族地区高等院校"预防艾滋病"健康教育工作的发展,同时建立"彝族学生-彝族家庭-彝族村寨村民"艾滋病预防教育链是非常必要的。     

Incubation periods for paediatric AIDS patients

A recent seroprevalence study of newborns indicates that one in 62 children born in New York City has antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The distribution of incubation periods for paediatric patients is needed to estimate future AIDS case loads from these seroprevalence data. Current estimates of incubation periods for paediatric patients are based on limited data. We use parametric and non-parametric methods to analyse incubation periods for 215 paediatric patients with AIDS whose only known route of infection is maternal. We conclude that incubation periods are longer than previously reported; that there is a distinct knee in the incubation period distribution at seven months which suggests two risk populations; and that there is an increase in incidence which is consistent with exponential growth.     

尊重个体，彰显人文：从胡锦涛两次与艾滋病人握手的报道说起

本文通过分析2004年与2007年媒体对胡锦涛与艾滋病人握手这一新闻事件的不同报道方式,指出大众传播效果的复杂性,并详细阐释了媒体应在此类报道中承担的社会责任。对个体命运的感知与尊重,彰显人文关怀是传媒社会责任的基本品格,公正公平是传媒社会责任的本质。