基于Stackelberg博弈的天然气定价机制研究

为探求中国天然气行业未来市场竞争条件下由市场定价的可行策略,从中国天然气定价机制的现状出发,借鉴国外较成熟天然气市场定价经验,剖析未来市场条件下中国天然气定价机制的不同可行策略,并对不同策略的优劣进行对比分析。以博弈论的基本原理和方法为工具,构建天然气定价机制的理论模型,模型涵盖未来天然气行业上中下游定价机制的改革思路,并深入探讨天然气定价的内在机制。提出的天然气定价的定量模型一定程度上克服了原有天然气定价研究以定性分析为主、缺乏模型支持的片面性。结果表明,实行第三方准入制后,天然气生产商的定价和边际毛利均下降,而天然气配气商的定价下降,边际毛利升高。说明实行第三方准入制有利于引入竞争,同时使下游市场议价能力提高,用户利益得以保障。     

基于垄断竞争市场的云计算服务动态定价策略研究

在云计算服务高速发展的背景下,通过对云计算的市场环境及当前定价策略进行分析,针对当前固定定价策略存在的难以及时响应市场,造成三方参与者损失问题,构造在垄断竞争环境下双边市场中云计算服务的动态定价模型,同时提出平台对于交易双方的新型收费机制,并进一步给出了模型的应用步骤。     

第三方电子交易市场定价策略探析

针对第三方电子交易面临的平台定价问题,提出基于我国第三方电子交易市场特征构建双寡头双边市场竞争定价模型,分析了该类市场定价策略及现象.结果表明,平台上用户的最优注册费和交易费,以及双边用户的总费用水平均呈互补关系;不同平台的用户总费用水平正向相关,其中用户最优注册费会随竞争平台对同类用户的总费用增加而下降,最优交易费则...     

基于产品差异与企业成本的转移定价研究

在下游市场为斯塔克伯格竞争条件下,引入最终产品之间存在一定差异性以及追随厂商的成本为私人信息这两个因素,基于企业集团对中间产品实行统一和差别两种定价方式,分别建立不完全信息动态博弈模型,研究企业集团中间产品转移定价决策问题.研究表明,无论企业集团对内外部市场实行统一定价还是差别定价,转移价格均为边际成本加成;若企业集团...     

闭环供应链双渠道回收系统定价机制与协调策略

针对由再制造商、零售商和第三方回收商构成的闭环供应链回收再制造系统,基于再制造商委托第三方回收商同时回收的双渠道回收模式,在分散决策和集中决策两种情形下,运用博弈论方法研究闭环供应链的定价机制与协调策略;进而采用Rubinstein讨价还价模型及贴现因子理论进行闭环供应链策略协调分析及收益的Pareto改进;最后通过算例验证了定价机制与协调策略的有效性.研究发现,闭环供应链在采用双渠道回收模式下,系统集中决策不仅提高了各方收益,而且提高了闭环供应链回收再制造系统的整体效率.     

国外天然气定价机制及对我国的启示

天然气工业定价方式与天然气市场发展程度密切相关。在世界范围内,天然气市场发展主要呈现出垄断性天然气市场和竞争性天然气市场两种市场结构。因此,天然气定价可以分为垄断性定价和竞争性定价。两种定价方式各有各的优势,适用于天然气市场发展的不同阶段。我国应该在借鉴国外天然气定价成功经验的基础之上,结合我国天然气工业发展状况,逐步引入竞争、放松管制,促进天然气行业的健康、良性、可持续发展。     

天然气定价机制改革势在必行

天然气产品是关系到国计民生的重要公共产品,因此,长期以来,我国对天然气工业链各环节的价格实行严格的政府管制,并一直沿用计划经济模式,因此在市场经济条件下不能正确体现价值规律的要求,所以调整和改革天然气定价机制势在必行.     

基于随机需求的准公共产品定价研究

林达尔局部均衡模型中得出的公共产品价格是一种"市场出清"价格,其定价原则是个人支付意愿总和等于边际成本。由于现实生活中存在"搭便车"者的机会主义行为、隐瞒个人偏好以及需求的不确定性,林达尔局部均衡模型是不完美的。文中考虑了现实中更具普遍意义的准公共产品,并引入需求的随机变量,以社会福利最大化为目标函数研究了准公共产品的定价问题,得出了不同配给条件下准公共产品不同的有效价格。     

基于影子价格的排污权初始分配和交易模型

建立排污权交易初始定价模型,以得到的影子价格作为初始排污权的分配价格,进而分析初始分配价格的形成机制。在此基础上,建立二级市场上企业间的排污权交易模型,指出企业间交易均衡价格受边际交易成本、边际治污成本、边际生产成本,以及企业的平均利润等因素影响。     

移动服务市场多寡头博弈模型研究

基于我国移动服务市场三寡头垄断的现状,分析了移动服务固定成本高、边际成本低、以价格为主要竞争手段的特点,构建了Bertrand三寡头博弈模型;探讨了移动、联通、电信三家运营商在定价及服务方面所应采取的策略。结论:各运营商应推出差异化服务,采取适当合作策略,不应把价格作为唯一的竞争手段。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.