煤与生物质共超临界水催化气化制氢的实验研究

在压力为20～25MPa、停留时间为15～30s、：NaOH添加量(质量分数)为0．1％、反应器外壁温度为650℃的条件下，对煤与生物质的模型化合物羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)在超临界水环境中的催化气化制氢性能进行了研究，探讨了物料浓度、压力以及停留时间对煤与CMC共气化制氢的影响．实验结果表明：煤与CMC二共超临界水催化气化制氢的主要气体产物是H2、CO2和CH4，H2的体积分数可高达60％以上；增加物料浓度、升高压力有利于提高产氢率，但延长停留时间不利于氢气的制取．     

原生生物质在超临界水流化床系统中气化制氢

以原生生物质玉米芯与羧甲基纤维素钠的混合为原料,利用实验室成功构建的超临界水流化床气化制氢系统,在压力25 MPa、温度550～650℃范围内,对其气化制氢特性进行研究,讨论了气化过程中气化时间、温度、流量、物料浓度对气化效果的影响.研究结果表明:温度对气化影响较大,升高温度有利于气化;小的流量对应长的反应器停留时间有利于产氢;随着物料质量分数的增加,生物质气化效果明显下降,而在超临界水流化床气化制氢系统中质量分数为18%的物料仍能长时间连续稳定气化,未发生反应器结渣堵塞现象.     

麦秸与羧甲基纤维素钠的超临界水气化制氢

为了探索农业废弃物优质转化的新途径,采用吉布斯自由能最小原理和试验研究相结合的方法,分析麦秸/羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)在超临界水中转化为富氢气体时气体产物的分布特点.结果表明主要产气为氢气、二氧化碳和甲烷,在亚临界区(330～374℃)、低温的超临界区(375-430℃)以及高温的超临界区(≥430℃),产物分布明显不同.尤其是氢气,其摩尔分数分别从最低、居中上升到最高(66%),这表明高温明显有利于制氢,但温度升高到一定值后,气体产物的平衡组分不再变化.研究表明,温度和质量分数对产气的作用远大于压力,产气的高热值随物料质量分数的增加而增加,随反应温度的升高而下降.提出麦秸/CMC气化制氢的最佳温度为450～600℃.     

高含量煤在超临界水中气化制氢的实验研究

针对当前煤在超临界水气化制氢研究中存在的物料质量分数低于5%、实验装置以高压釜居多且不能连续稳定产氢等问题,以高含量煤的气化制氢为研究目的,在反应器壁温650～800℃、反应压力23～27 MPa、物料流量3～7 kg/h的条件下,利用连续管流式反应系统对高含量煤进行了超临界水气化制氢实验研究,考察了温度、压力、物料流量、催化剂及氧化剂和物料含量对气化效果的影响规律,成功地将质量分数为16%的煤输送进反应器并稳定产气,煤的气化率和氢气产率分别为0.317和0.022.     

生物质与煤超临界水气化制氢的实验研究

利用间隙式釜式反应器,在反应器内流体温度为450℃、初压为4MPa(终压为22～27MPa)、保温时间为20min、NaOH作为催化剂的条件下,分别对生物质模型化合物羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)与煤以及原生生物质玉米芯与煤的超临界水气化制氢进行实验研究.结果表明:CMC/煤共超临界水气化制氢过程中,共气化的产氢率和气化率均高于同样情况下CMC、煤单独气化的加权平均值,玉米芯/煤共气化也出现类似结果,这说明CMC/煤、玉米芯/煤共超临界水气化制氢均存在协同效应.初步分析了协同效应产生的机理.     

操作参数对纤维素超临界水气化制氢产气性能的影响

操作参数对生物质超临界水气化制氢产气性能有直接的决定作用.本文利用基于Gibbs自由能最小原理建立的化学平衡两相模型和实验结果,分析了反应温度、系统压力以及物料浓度等主要参数对纤维素超临界水气化制氢产气性能的作用,得到纤维素未完全气化之前,升高温度会提高气化率,但导致产气高热值降低,因此升高温度虽然对制氢有利,但对制取可燃气体是不利的;升高压力对气化率和高热值的影响不大,压力的选取以稍高于水的超临界压力为宜;高浓度物料明显难以气化,混合催化剂Raney-Ni和ZnCl2对高浓度物料气化有较好的催化潜力.所得结论对生物质超临界水气化过程的优化以及该技术的大规模利用提供了一定的依据.     

煤及生物质共超临界水气化过程中的协同效应

在自行研制的连续管流式煤及生物质共超临界水气化制氢装置上，对甘肃华亭烟煤、羧甲基纤维素钠（生物质模型化合物）及其两者的混合物在反应器壁温650℃、系统压力25MPa、停留时间30s、NaOH质量分数为0．19，6的条件下进行了实验研究．实验表明：气体产物主要由H2、CO2和CH4组成，其中H2的体积分数可高达60％以上；气体产物中未检测到N和S，含N和S的污染物以液相排除，极大地减少了大气污染．研究发现煤与羧甲基纤维素钠共超临界水气化过程中在产氢率和气化率上出现了明显的协同效应，进一步提出协同效应主要由超临界水中的自由基反应引起．结果表明，煤及生物质共超临界水气化制氢是一种富有前景的洁净能源转化新技术．     

加压流化床中影响生物质气化气组成因素的研究

以加压流化床为反应器,锯末为原料,通过测定生物质空气气化产物的组成及其随反应条件变化的规律,确定了生物质结构与生物质气化气组成的关系。在700~850℃的温度范围内,以50℃为增量,考察了温度对气化产品气的影响。结果表明:CO是生物质气化的主要产物,在700~850℃的范围内,CO含量迅速升高,同时H2、CH4和烃类气体(包括CH4、C2H4、C2H2、C2H6、C3H6、C3H8)的含量也有升高,CO2的含量先升高后降低。生物质加压空气气化的实验中,压力从0.5 MPa变化到1.7 MPa,随着压力升高,CO2的体积分数上升,而CO和H2的体积分数下降,CH4和烃类气体的体积分数随压力的升高有上升趋势。生物质空气-水蒸气气化的实验中,水蒸气与生物质质量比mS/mB从1.1变化到2.6,随着mS/mB的升高,CO2,H2的体积分数均有所上升。反应结果表明,升高温度有助于生物质转化为气体;而压力越高越有利于CH4等烃类气体的生成,且随着压力的升高,反应器的处理量增大,反应程度加深;水蒸气的加入,减少了空气的消耗量,并生成了更多的H2及碳氢化合物,改善了产品气的质量。     

基于Aspen Plus的甘油与生物质固定床共气化制氢工艺模拟

利用Aspen Plus软件平台,对甘油与生物质固定床共气化制氢过程进行模拟研究.考察不同反应温度、甘油与生物质的质量比(m(G)/m(B))、气化剂物质的量的比(n(H2O)/n(C))和反应压力等条件对纯甘油与生物质、粗甘油与生物质混合共气化制氢的影响.模拟结果表明:生物质与不同甘油共气化时,温度、压力、n(H2O)/n(C)和m(G)/m(B)对两种混合物制氢的影响规律基本相同,因此可用纯甘油替代粗甘油来研究气化制氢特性;同时得出其最佳气化制氢条件是反应温度800~850,℃,m(G)/m(B)为1.0~1.2,n(H2O)/n(C)为0.8~1.0,压力≤0.1,MPa,在此条件下,氢气产率为55%左右.     

农业生物质在超临界水中气化制氢的实验研究

以农业生物质(包括玉米秸秆、玉米芯、麦秸、稻草、稻壳、花生壳、高粱秆)为原料，羧甲基纤维素钠为添加剂，利用连续管流反应器，在反应器壁温为650℃、压力为25MPa的条件下进行了生物质气化制氢实验研究．讨论了运行时间、生物质类型、颗粒大小、反应器壁面状况等因素对气化结果的影响．实验结果表明：农业生物质在超临界水中气化生成以氢气、二氧化碳、一氧化碳、甲烷以及少量的乙烷和乙烯为主要成分的气体；气化周期内大约经过100min气体产物组成以及产量趋于稳定；在相同的实验条件下不同生物质气化得到了相似的气体组分，气体产物中一氧化碳体积分数大约为1％，甲烷体积分数超过10％，氢气的体积分数最高可以达41．28％；小颗粒的生物质气化能生成更多的氢气；反应器壁面对生物质气化有明显的催化作用．     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

Perspherical Approaches for Electrons in Atoms and Charged Excitons in Quantum Wells

Instead of following Fock’s expansion,we solve the Schrodinger equation for some quantum mechanical manybody systems such as electrons in atoms and charged excitons in quantum wells in a similar way in hyperspherical coordinates by expanding the wave functions into orthonormal complete basis sets of the hyperspherical hannonics(HHs)of hyperangles and generalized Laguerre polynomials(GLPs)of the hyperradius.This leads the equation to     

Advances in broadband wireless communications under high-mobility scenarios

Future mobile communication systems aim at providing very high data transmission rates, even in high-mobility scenarios such as high-speed wheel-track trains, maglev trains, highway vehicles, airplanes, guided missiles or spacecraft. A particularly important commercial application is the strong and increasing worldwide demand for high- speed broadband wireless communications （up to 574.8 km/ h test speeds or 380 km/h commercial speeds） in railways, providing data, voice and video services for applications such as onboard entertainment services to passengers, train control, train dispatch, train sensor status handling and sur- veillance. In such high-mobility scenarios, there are a number of communication challenges, including fast hand- over, location updating, high-speed channel modeling, estimation and equalization, anti-Doppler spreading tech- niques, fast power control, and dedicated network architec- ture. Because signal transmission in very high-speed scenarios will inevitably experience serious deterioration, it is imperative to develop key broadband mobile communi- cation techniques for such high-speed vehicles.     

Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences TOTAL CONTENTS

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海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Scale-based spatial data model for GIS

Being the primary media of geographical information and the elementary objects manipulated, almost all of maps adopt the layer-based model to represent geographic information in the existent GIS. However, it is difficult to extend the map represented in layer-based model. Furthermore, in Web-Based GIS, It is slow to transmit the spatial data for map viewing. In this paper, for solving the questions above, we have proposed a new method for representing the spatial data. That is scale-based model. In this model we represent maps in three levels: scale-view, block, and spatial object, and organize the maps in a set of map layers, named Scale-View, which associates some given scales.Lastly, a prototype Web-Based GIS using the proposed spatial data representation is described briefly.     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to