堰塞坝漫顶溃决过程与机理试验研究

为了分析堰塞坝的溃决过程与机理,进行了堰塞坝漫顶溃决试验.结合堰塞坝的溃口扩展和溃决流量过程,将漫顶溃决过程分为最初的缓慢侵蚀阶段和之后的快速侵蚀阶段.在这个过程中,溃口在纵向上的扩展以陡坎侵蚀的方式推进,而横向上的扩展由土体坍滑失稳引起.坝体漫顶破坏属于冲刷破坏.通过分析陡坎后退过程、冲刷过程及其机理,认为冲刷过程包...     

干密度及细颗粒含量对滑坡坝溃决影响的试验研究

为研究坝体物质组成对滑坡堰塞坝溃决过程的影响,本文针对不同干密度、细颗粒含量,配制8组不同的坝体材料,开展人工堰塞坝的水槽模型试验,分析模型试验中不同坝体材料的浸润线发展过程、纵向侵蚀过程及溃决破坏特征。结果表明：(1)堰塞坝浸润线发展速率随着干密度减小而增大,随着细颗粒含量减小而增大。(2)干密度较小的坝体其溃决历时明显小于干密度较大的坝体,并且干密度较小的坝体其侵蚀速度明显大于干密度较大的坝体;细颗粒含量较大的坝体侵蚀速度慢,溃决达到稳定时的时间更长。(3)随着干密度减小,堰塞坝抗侵蚀能力减弱,易形成冲沟,冲沟两侧壁越早形成悬空面,溃口处易失稳坍塌,溃决持续时间越短;细颗粒含量越大,砂土堰塞坝面抗侵蚀能力越弱,越易形成冲沟,溃口处易多次失稳坍塌,溃决持续时间越长。研究成果不仅深化对堰塞坝灾害的认识,还为进一步揭示外界诱发因素与堰塞坝的内在响应机制提供依据。     

冰崩涌浪作用下的冰湖溃决过程试验研究

冰崩涌浪是导致冰湖溃决的一个主要的诱发因素之一。本文通过水槽模型试验,研究了在冰崩涌浪作用下,不同颗粒级配、坝高、下游坝坡坡度时冰碛坝的溃决过程,主要结论如下：（1）冰碛坝存在漫顶溃决、坝坡失稳、管涌破坏三种溃决模式;（2）根据冰崩涌浪的对坝体的侵蚀效应,结合溃口的纵向演化过程,将冰碛坝的溃决过程划分为涌浪侵蚀阶段（阶段Ⅰ）、库区小扰动溢流侵蚀阶段（阶段Ⅱ）;（3）涌浪过坝后的强水动力条件增加了坝体的侵蚀率,当溃口贯通后,涌浪已基本消散,溃决过程转为为正常的溢流溃决,并且涌浪向坝体提供了高频瞬时荷载,削减了坝体稳定性;（4）从动力学的角度提出了冰碛坝临界溃决条件的判定方法;（5）冰湖溃决洪峰流量与坝高和下游坝坡呈现正相关,与坝体中值粒径（D50）呈现负相关关系。     

堰塞坝漫顶溃决过程数值模拟

根据堰塞坝坝体材料的宽级配特性,建立描述堰塞坝漫顶溃决溃口发展规律与流量过程的数值模型。该模型引入与水流方向垂直的附加作用力来考虑粗颗粒对细颗粒的阻拦和遮蔽作用以及细颗粒对粗颗粒的包围和填实作用。基于不同土体陡水槽冲蚀试验结果,针对宽级配堰塞坝材料在高强度水流侵蚀条件下的冲蚀特性,建议采用能反映坝体材料颗粒级配、密实度、强度、坝体坡度、水流速度及摩阻流速对冲蚀量影响的土体冲蚀公式。利用该数值模型对唐家山堰塞坝溃决案例进行计算分析,所得溃坝洪水流量过程与实测结果接近,验证了该模型和计算方法的合理性,表明该模型能准确反映水库库容和上游补给水流量对堰塞坝漫顶溃决发展过程的影响。     

堰塞坝溃口及洪峰参数模型评估与优化

由滑坡等失稳地质体快速堆积并堵塞河道形成的堰塞坝溃决后会对下游人民生命财产安全造成极大威胁。建立快速准确的溃决参数预测模型，是制定有效防灾减灾措施的必要条件。本文收集了75例包含坝高、库容、溃口峰值流量、坝体冲蚀系数等参数的堰塞坝案例，基于均方根误差、回归相关系数、百分比偏差三个指标对具有代表性的土石坝和堰塞坝参数模型进行评估。通过回归分析建立新的堰塞坝溃口深度预测模型及溃口峰值流量预测模型，将新建模型与现有模型对比，在实际案例中验证了模型的适用性。研究结果表明：现有模型中单参数、双参数及土石坝模型对于堰塞坝溃决参数预测效果不佳，考虑坝体易蚀性的参数模型具有较高准确性，本文所建新模型预测效果有所提升，使用范围更广，预测结果可为堰塞坝的防灾减灾措施提供参考。     

滑坡堰塞坝坝体溃决机理与溃决实验研究综述

相对于人工土石坝,天然形成的滑坡堰塞坝缺少加固、防渗及泄洪等工程措施来稳定堰塞湖水位,坝体结构不稳定、基础资料缺乏,发生的溃决现象具有突发性强、几率高、危险性大、排险处理紧迫的特点,亟需深入系统的研究.作者结合国内外堰塞坝形成及其溃决问题的研究现状,介绍了滑坡堰塞坝与人工土石坝的溃决特性、滑坡堰塞坝的溃决模式及寿命特征,以及滑坡堰塞坝溃决特性的物理模型试验研究、原型观测及大比尺现场试验研究、梯级滑坡堰塞坝溃决特性试验研究进展.最后提出了关于堰塞坝溃决机理、堰塞湖处置、溃决模式、原型及模型试验比尺效应、溃决过程原型监测预警等方面建议的研究方向.     

堰塞坝溃口演化研究进展

近年来,随着全球气候变化与人类活动影响,极端天气现象与自然灾害频发.其中,由地震、暴雨、洪水等诱发的山体滑坡、崩塌或泥石流堵塞河道所形成的堰塞坝(湖)时有发生.堰塞坝因坝体材料构成复杂、结构松散,往往会在短时期内发生溃决,溃决洪水会对下游沿途两岸的工矿企业、城镇、农田、道路、建筑物等造成严重威胁与破坏.目前,溃坝洪水研究的重点和难点仍然是溃口的形成与演化问题,虽然通过大量研究已经取得了不少研究成果,但是,溃口演变机理仍然是未被解决的世界性难题.为此,将着重从溃坝原型观测、物理模型试验、溃口经验公式、溃口数值模拟等方面系统梳理了国内外在溃口演化机理研究上取得的进展,并针对研究中存在的不足提出了今后的研究方向和重点,以便为后续的堰塞坝溃口演化研究提供一定的参考或借鉴.     

泥石流堆积扇堵江溃决过程及堰塞坝堵江概率

结合2020年构林坪溃决型泥石流模拟试验,分析泥石流堵江过程及河流侵蚀能力,提出堵江堰塞坝堵江概率判别标准,为泥石流堰塞坝工程治理提供参考.重新定义颗粒的面积相关形状系数及体积相关形状系数,可应用于各类不规则形体.从颗粒粒度角度得出泥石流堆积“粗颗粒物质快速移动沉积-细颗粒物质慢速被侵蚀”的特征;从堰塞坝堵江过程角度得出“堆积扇逐层沉积-河流薄弱侵蚀”特征;从沉积侵蚀速率角度得到构林坪流域堵江阈值,且当泥石流颗粒粒度较细时,泥石流沉积速率对该阈值的影响将显著提高,粒度较粗时,以河流侵蚀速率为主要因素.     

我国堰塞湖溃坝特点及其防治

堰塞坝是一种未经人工碾压夯实的天然土石坝,主要由于降雨、地震等引起山体滑坡、崩塌堵塞河道所致。堰塞坝由于快速堆积形成,其坝体结构一般较为松散,基本没有胶结,在渗透水压力作用下易溃决。堰塞坝一旦溃决,将导致大量的洪水短时间内下泄,溃决产生的洪水或泥石流拥有巨大的能量,能够冲走房屋、牲畜、庄稼,给下游人民的生命财产带来巨大威胁,同时影响下游的自然生态。掌握堰塞坝的溃决机理,提前预测溃坝的发生,对于合理组织堰塞坝的治理和下游人民的转移具有重大意义。     

不同推移质输沙模型在溃坝洪水模拟中的对比分析

溃坝洪水模拟分析中,溃口的侵蚀过程对溃口展宽和洪峰流量有直接影响,决定溃坝洪水模拟的准确性.在对圆弧滑裂面溃口展宽模型简化的基础上,将16组推移质输沙方程换算为侵蚀率,发现基于经验输沙方程的"侵蚀率—剪应力"均呈指数形式.结合唐家山堰塞湖溃决过程,对比多组经验输沙方程和指数形式的侵蚀率模型对溃坝洪水分析的影响,结果表明,采用Einstein-Brown(1950)输沙方程和指数模型中a=5,b=1.3时,模拟结果与实测资料较为相符,验证了指数模型的可行性,并通过参数率定指数模型可替代经验输沙模型.但指数模型中b值对计算结果极为敏感,甚至会导致计算不收敛,因此基于土石料最大可能冲刷率的概念提出双曲线模型,解决了这一问题,对准确模拟土石坝和堰塞坝的溃决提供一定的参考.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

The Analects and the Moment in Peking——The influence of a Confucian education system on the personality formation,the way of thinking and the fate of the main characters

0.Preface China has long been boasting of its colorful and immense culture which comprises of Taoism,Confucianism and Buddhism.The interwoven influence among the religions on Chinese way of thinking,on the nation＇s behavior in their social life throughout the long history is beyond list.